=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
=                              =
=  ,iu jc<w .az .o`m nfu"om5   =
=                              =
=           \ir`v3             =
=                              =
=777777777777777777777777777777=




  ,'`["o5,te]"1 l7i3z ;u"x,ra 
^h7n ,md&o m`s.o`u >.,m$ `[":.: 
o/i4 ji3z $1,ra j!a^ian `s^mao$ 
es"o"! <4["u ,.ma ,^r`u 
s7`[5s7`[5 `s9`u o/cz `["o5oi4,'



  `ma"ob,r7hrp3
  ,,,na;nal 9/itute ( ecology,' 
    


























    \ir`v3 0,tropical ,biome4

  \ir`v3z jv3`] d`y"u qjr .s5.s5
l"<.: $cz .o`m;(w \irm"o5! >a 
#c1jjj0m^#b `%euw (,o1n .rj*j3 
`=$3obcoi4 <,o< \irm"o5! 
.m7,o5["u .m7c5eo" <d["of i[7w 
\irm"o5! ir"%a^\"u .u,]jr 
,m.oa.? i;[7 `m.uv i<>7j3 ,r7e&!
`v3;<1j1 ,m o/,[bcoi4
  \ir`v3n,scz ,n`/ ;yir i5,msq 
do"<"mf["! duj5jr s"% #adj: .=" 
>7,s"2d;m7"% #i.=" em;?;mi=e&"% 
#be.=" \ir,oae& #gjj: .= i[7 
\irm"o5n,s ,s,oajcz i;r"ug 
i=,oae&! e3c1 ,m o/,[bcoi4

  ,'0,,qr4fui[ ,r7">a,'

  \irm"o5 `ojm
  *.m7 isb`u ,[bjr 
l7"xjv1:b,m"o5o m`s.: o/,[bcoi4 
.o`m %a.o e*.?w #g0p n ^&`vj.oe3
.o`m ,r7e&.=w >a #ej0p $ ^gdujr 
,r7e&i<>7,]o erm cu4,[bcoi4
                              #a

  ,'.oiu ,te]"1 ,n`/.oiun <d["of
\irm"o5" <,o< \irm"o5" .m7c5eo 
\irm"o5 .o:ao ,^1$3,ra["u 
d+,oiys o/i4,'

  \ir`v3 ,r7e&.= ,m
  - s"%"1 #adj: .=
  - >7,s"2d;m7"%"1 #i.=
  - em;?;mi=e&"%"1 #be.=
  - ,oae&"1 #gjj: .=
  \ir`v3 jv3`]
  - ,[biu"1 #fj--#ij0p
  - (iu"1 :"[5 #ce0d,c oj" `:& 
#bb0d,c ol7
  - cu4o"1 #ce0m4
  - e*.?"1 #c1bcb0m^#b

    \ir`v3w .m+ i=,oae&

  ,'.oiu ,te]"1 \ir`v3w .m+ 
i=,oae&o .),oiys o/cz .7,u$ 
`v3"<5,g,sn ,i"< .oiun d+,oiys 
o/i4 `v3"<5,g,scz <,o< #1--#5 3o
qiucn,o< #6--#7 3o <,o< #8 3o 
.m7c5eo #9--#10 3o ei$,[f"[ 3o 
<d["of ,goi4,'

  .?,raex"x
  - 0,,cr"1 mr`[b
  - 0,,en"1 mr`o
  - 0,,vu"1 ;mr>a
  - 0,,nt"1 .gmrj:b
  - 0,,lc"1 `v3,o5irl7
  - 0,,dd"1 .]^u^m.x
  ,,cites
  - 0,i"1 ^m,x,s0,i4
  - 0,,ii"1 ^m,x,s0,,ii4
  - 0,,iii"1 ^m,x,s0,,iii4
  e\.=mr`o >,r7,r7e&
  - #a"1 0,i4`[b
  - #b"1 0,,ii4`[b

  ,'.s5:a. .m"1 0,,cites4v 
e\.=mr`o >,r7,r7e& euim 
"ue,m'."u d+`oiys `m^g! mrjr 
e\.=mr`o >,r7,r7e&z <"<^o<,m'."u
d+`oj54,'

  #1 do"<"mf[ 0,>apaima gigas 
82,,dd;01 82,,ii;0
                              #c
  `sirj3 eqe&`u`o .m7 jc<q 
do"<"mf[cz ."<e*,s ,`u"o ,.x 
^&az emcw$ .o8s.o`o ,iregn 
j*.on,scz ^&az e&`u`o"! ,i['jcz 
d<o;n8'0pai*e,0"u ^&"obcoi4 
qio)i!z do"<"mf[ oe<w emcw"! 
.,qw t`&n `["oe* ,qw ^uju"! 
^9czi`u ,r7$aj<: ,q,],o :`obcoi4
  #2 jw3i=$"o 0,amphiprion 
ocell>is 82,,lc;0
  jw3i=$"ocz e1eo.1 .mmrn,s 
,r7jv1je:" mrj:b! ^9! ,irc ^5n 
j%,oa! ;mrj1 ,ir e1eo.1w ;x,m 
lon ,m5,[bcoi4 cgn .1 ,iwcz 
;n,ra["u e1eo.1n`n e?o"! %qjr 
.mbcoi4 jw3i=$"ocz e1eo.1w ixn 
e*:a":ao o/s e1eo.1! z,q;s"u 
o+7j<: e?o"! `mjcz 
`=,r7`v3`/obcoi4
  #3 fshzi5.r7o 0,cissus 
v]ticillata 82,,lc;0
  fshzi5.r7ocz i<%a,]w .&`ov 
,^m"o"! $.o`u o/s .oe*n i0.o 
<30z l7hrn,siu `=.m7n,s 
`=`o,^m"o$ ,^s9s c<u`u ,r,lao 
iu9<c`oiu jbcoi4 `=`o,^m"o$ 
.oe*n i0[e* .3,^m"o$ iu9<c 
.o.m`zo iys hu>7w ]>7^g! 
j[b,mj`u .s5;< `&as.: ojm .&`o$ 
iybcoi4
  #4 ixjvl1`r`m"o 0,d5drobates 
t9ctorius 82,,lc;01 82,,ii;0
  ixjvl1`r`m"ocz .);n.?["u erm 
jv":j3 ,ra,$1! $.o`u o/,[bcoi4 
o1.=w `]`/,ra["u ixo o/[5! .?n`n
<1":.mbcoi4 i[7! ^o"u'j3 do^mn,s
^g^oiycz ix["u .,q! ^ujujcz 
c[7":a! $.o`u o/,[bcoi4 ixz 
ix,]! .ocq h[a.] `reov `(;m7! 
e?s/! ,ir e3i!s.obcoi4
  #5 <1ho,oe`uemcem 0,ficus 
altissima 82,,lc;0
  <1ho,oe`uemcemcz ,rc p3,m7o"! 
h=jr ,,o<'! i"z cemn u15`: ^m8: 
^),oajbcoi4 `uemcemcz .s5;< 
."<e*,s ,i7n ,^m"o"! cr"o`u 
;s[5n ^m8s/i) cem"! imris4s 
.ma`n e3i[bcoi4 o"[5e3 `uemcemo1
,^g ;)*`uem"! ;r;mrjcz .=z 
<cobcoi4
  #6 phsi["r`( 0,physigna?us 
                              #e
coc9c9us 82,,vu;01 82,,ii;0
  e&! .u0<jcz phsi["r`(z e&$ 
.m^*w cemc ^<mr"! u"[cr"oe*,s 
ir^m^gw ,o$3! ^ucrbcoi4 mrjs5n 
;sje* cem mrn,s e&"u ,imrs i!s 
jns5;o`sc .5,m"! jr,s mr`o"! 
eue*jczin" >a #be^g,$.o .5]j1 ,m
o/,[bcoi4
  #7 e&;=`u`o 0,toxotes *at>eus 
82,,lc;0
  e&;=`u`ocz e&;=;s"s5 e?o'$5! 
j>7jr e&! ,,u< e& ^aan o/cz 
`(;m7! ,its,i[": .b<e?,[bcoi4 
e&;=z ;s[5 c<ucz e&^ui imr"u 
$1,m"x e&! ,,ucz ,xiu$ ,^1"<.: 
^7& eu>7["u e) `s"o,$.o 
c1<$bcoi4 ^uh= ;s' ^1l"u 
,]`=j.oe3 *,x ^1liu $c[7jbcoi4
  #8 cuco 0,mor9da citrifolia4
  cucocz e*:a;n`/"! $7jvjcz i[7 
:"s j+c[7["u u"r'i=<3 c5hrd]>7 
,s5 p3.meqi!o ,8e3^]h=;o>a0'["u 
l+7jr/,[bcoi4 \ercz jc;s"s5 
^uo.oe3 l,o1z :"s `rw \er$ 
em7;:.:,s o"ms.q .objb`v"u $a$aw
\erei ,,o<'o jc,,oa i!so/,[bcoi4

  #9 e(,[hn"< 0,mon/]a 
deliciosa4
  e(,[hn"<w o4z $.7."o$ $1"<.o`u
`gin`gin `mes7o ,i&0": o/cz 
ixh[aj3 ,r7`o5,r"! $.o`u 
o/,[bcoi4 `["u qjr dxmv $7j3 
^"<5! `*io`u eo8n o/cz o4ncz 
jr'^o2o i0! ,m o/,[bcoi4 .&`on,s
c<ucz `=`o,^m"o$ ,i7n i0[e* 
>7^g! j[b,mjcz .3,^m"o$ 
,r7`obcoi4
  #10 <1i^["<%a.o`s^ma 
0,aldabra*elys gigantea 82,,ii;0
  <1i^["<%a.o`s^maz <1n,s 
,`rsc`u #cj c*o .oc<> ^),oaj1 ,m
o/[e:" d]`%3 ,me]z #ajj c* 
.]iuobcoi4 fu,`o"ov $8o fz 
is7;ov em`n"u cem"! cs5s,i["o`sc
h="u"! e3i!s i"z ,r7e&i!o l1<$1 
,m o/cz hs.)! e3i!s.mbcoi4

    `ma"ob,r7hrp3n,s e3ccz 
\irm"o5 `ojm .o:a

                              #g
  #1 <,o< \irm"o5.-qiucn,o< 
f1"oe3h3 .o:a
  qiucn,o< f1"oe3h3z <,o< ;yirw 
\irm"o5 .o:ao. ,n`/n,s $.7 
u"riy3 \irm"o5obcoi4 f1"oe3h3z 
u"<7mh3o lcz `u'["u %e]j.oe3 `[ 
^aan #f1jjj: .=o cs5cz `u%.=o 
,s,oaj`u o/,[bcoi4 ,o$3o 
j["[e*,s ctbz e*.?o c=`]! mrj3 
l5"o5 jpr,(["u d`yiy`u o/,[bcoi4
  #2 .m7c5eo \irm"o5.-<e.( .o:a
  .m7<7<en"of .o:az j3,ir v3.)jo
\irm"o5["u is4: o/s/.oe3 lh7,m,m
c=.7`v ex.7 i[7o i!s,se*,s 
\irm"o5w e*.?o .s5.s5 .&si!`u 
o/,[bcoi4 <e.( \irm"o5z ^["<.o1"
^u1"o^o<" dn"m" nfviu"[" 
fu1"u5^o<" ^ncn,mn1"<" $o<c" 
,m"oc5 i[7 #h`r`ma! duj5j`u o/cz
,n`/n,s $.7 ctbz \irm"o5obcoi4
  #3 ei$,[f"[ \irm"o5.-ei$,[f"[ 
e.u<1"< .o:a
  ei$,[f"[ ,s5w ^mai=,.xn mr;ojr
o/[e:" <;occc \irm"o5 crn ,xjr 
o/cz .<*^uju`m:aobcoi4 .o`ml7n,s
$.7 i<>7j3 ,oae&.=o ,s,oaj`u 
o/[e: ,r"ug .=o .o,x.?["u 
^1`*iy`u o/,[bcoi4 ei$,[f"[w 
\irm"o5z ei$,[f"[ .);n e*.?w 
#b0p n ^&`vj.oe3 ei$,[f"[ ,r7e&w
#ej0p ol7o ,s,oaj<: ,r7e&i<>7,]o
erm cu4,[bcoi4
  #4 <d["of 
\irm"o5.-f=`ueq.m`=jv`ma .o:a
  ,n`/ \irm"o5 .m7 im ^),.r"u 
ctbz <d["of \irm"o5z ir^m^g 
f=`ueq.m`=jv`ma crn o/,[bcoi4 
c5<en"ofc <,o< \irm"o5`v ^o`+je*
l7ir.?["u `).uj<: cemw cu4ov 
,oa,r7 eo1iu$ ck`u e30z ,[b`o"! 
do1+"u jcz ;<a,r7 ,oae&o 
.?,[bcoi4

  ^1jr7p1"1 #bjbc c* #bp1 #d,vr 
^1jr7
  .m,u"1 ;m7c5 ,s;)`g e,se* 
`[5$7"u #abaj_/0www4nie4re4kr4
  ird+.)jv"1 #jda #iej #ecjj
  7;c7`ma"ob,r7hrp3 0,na;nal 
,9/itute ( ,ecology1 #bjbc

                              #i
  ,'jv3`]^m q.[7 ;qjv3`] ef[ 
,r7">a,'

  99 o ."+n ,o1"q euiz `!`v 
`["o5! `ma"ob,r7hrp3w js"<a sb'o
emi3["u l+7j`sc ^xlj<: ^rdujcz 
_sz .s.a`p3! ;o5jrjcz _sobcoi4

  o1"s,[h[.a$ .u`uz