=gggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  =                          =
  = `ma"ob`masp3 #bjbc-ja-ja =
  = 333333333333333333333333 =
  =   ~1$3i{7"x~)ju"1        =
  =   #aa-acgajbh-jjjicj-ja  =
  = 333333333333333333333333 =
  =   #bjbb c* e1em7;o j5w   =
  =   ~g,? eo2 *`m           =
  =                          =
  =77777777777777777777777777=




      *`m;rao5."1 `o5o1jv3      




         `ma"ob`masp3





























----------------------------#j-a
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
    .n;&eg

  `ma"ob`masp3.7 `mrj

  `ma"ob`masp3`v ;n`|j3 *`m+7:a 
`/>an ,i"< ,8#bjbb c* e1em7;o 
j5w ~g,? eo2 *`m0'n `v3j3 *`m 
~u`u,s"! .a,}j<: .n;&jbcoi4

  _7 lsb `o$3"1 #bjbb c* #fp1--
#bjbc c* #ap1

  #bjbc c* #ap1 #aio1
  *`m;rao5."1 `o5o1jv3
8',},q:ir,0

  *`m `o`v3"1
  ,},q:.irja`+ *`ml3jaj:b":ai3
  `u":irja`+ l3jaj:b":ai3
  ;m7c5irja`+ l3jaj:b":ai3
  8'.m,0c"<.o,oa.}~u

  *`m ;rao5."1 `o5o1jv3
#j-a         .n;&eg           #a
  `=i= *`mp3"1 $7<"{5" `o5hrm" 
~a.qju" ~aj*<" ,=l7j)" ,=},ma" 
oiu`o1" o.oz" .7j<*" .},!<" 
.}*.m" .u`};<3" ;y%3.o
=777777777777777777777777777777=





















----------------------------#j-b
    `maeg +>a"1 #bjbb c* e1em7;o
j5w ~g,? eo2 *`m

  o lsbz j3`mas q`=.oc{7w `vsb 
,mjr7 c{7":a o1~3`v cu4z 
l7`v3`v3`/"! $k`u o/cz )s ;m"(q 
,8j5w ~g,?0'! mrjr ,qeg 
hna,{h{"u~mhs ,)jr7 i5jv"! 
;m;&j`u" o"! `o~3{"u .?ir.? 
l"/"! ,r7,}j<: q`=.oc{7 d}$+7 
~n3;oef{"u $`=j5{"u,,s .<*s ojr 
~n3;oef{w ;mr>a,} eg.n"! ~uv3j`o
mrj3 ~7<3! e"*jcz in ex.?o o/i4
  o"! mrjr #bjba c* `ma"ob`masp3
,qeg e1em7;o"u~mhs #g;<"/w 
"<gi{"! h=jr euim #fcj1jjj`)w 
,)jr7 i5jv"! ;m;&j`u o"! irl7{"u
.?ir.? $,t! ,r7,}j<:/i4 .?ir.? 
$,t eg.7! ,r7,}j`o mrjr,scz 
,)jr7 *`mi!! ;<5.uj<: #f$.ow $,t
,r7,} .)">a! `o~3{"u j3 `m;ma 
.o;o5! ,m"obj<: .?+7j<:/`u" 
.asbw j+%1,}! ;yirj3{"u cu4o`o 
mrjr,s .asb+7 ~n3;oef{"! `r~1" 
#j-b       `maeg +>a          #c
jv1+7j<:/i4 o"! h=jr euim 
#ec1bad`rw .?ir.? $,t! 
,r7,}j<:/i4 j3d* ,r7,}iy3 .?ir.?
$,tz ;m"( d3i3w .}jva,}! mrjr #b
e}w .asb.<w `s5,m"! `s;oiu"x 
j<:/i4 `|`v.?{"u #cqw .asb.$ 
;m"( d3.}n o1;oj3 eg.7e3o i<{5 
i3`/n .qobj1 ,m o/`n iys/i4 
o"s0`n .asb. $3 `s5,m,$.o h=`vj3
.?ir.? $,tz euim #ch1jah`rn 
jri7j<:/i4
  .?ir.? $,t inohs ,nh{$ 
q`=.oc{7 )s euin1w $7`),}! 
jva~ujcz in %j+j3 _sq.o"! 
d3i3j`o mrjr )s euin1w ,xo`o
8'0fool+,0 ,o1js5! ,mjr7j<:/i4 
;y.=.?{"u 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a 
base4v 0,,krb}t4 im `rw )s 
euin1n irj3 ,xo`o ,o1js5! h=`vj3
.?ir.? $,te3{"u inohs ,nh{"! 
`m,}j<:/i4 o inohs ,nh{cz euim 
#bj1jeb`rw eg.7{"u `m,}iys/i4 
e.oea{"u #e`rw )s euin1! 
jv1+7j<: ~(
----------------------------#j-c
lsb! h=jr `m;maiy3 
inohs ,nh{$ ;m7~gjo ,8.?.tj30' 
inohsq.o"! `s5.{7j<:/`u" ,o1js5 
`|`v ~( lsb! h=jr `m;maiy3 
.?ir.? $,t inohs$ )s euin1w 
,}c{7 `r,)n %weoj3 `|`v"! ~uqicz
.s5! jvaqj<:/i4

  99 .m+s"1 )s euin1" ;m"(" .<*s
ojr" ,xo`o8'0fool+,0" .?ir.? 
$,t" j5w" eu,g" .m7"ob" e1em7;o















a#j-c      `maeg +>a          #e
----------------------------#j-d
    0,ab/ract3 #bjbb ,rese>* & 
,analysis on ,kor1n ,corpus ( 
,adv}s>ial ,natural ,language 
,9f};e

  ,? project aims to build 
natural language "u/&+ "<,,nlu">
b5*-m>k = ! evalua;n ( ,kor1n 
>tificial 9tellig;e "<,,ai"> ) a
focus on xs abil;y to 9f} ! tru?
or fals;y ( presuppos$ 3t5ts 9 
s5t;es4 ,? l+ui/ic 9f};e is 
/r;gly correlat$ ) ! ,kor1n 
,,ai's g5}al capac;y to p}=m _m 
d{n/r1m tasks4 ,us+ ! cor-pus ( 
newspap} texts1 we extract$ 
4c|rses & s5t;es 3ta9+ "s 
presuppos$ 3t5ts & g5}at$ 
adv}s>ial examples t comple;t ! 
fragil;y or vuln}abil;y ( curr5t
,,nlu b5*m>ks4

  ,m specifically1 we collect$ 
#fcj1jjj 4c|rses f ! newspap} 
corpus ( #bjba ,na;nal ,9/itute 
( ,kor1n ,language1 up to sev5 
r.ds ( data extrac;n proc$ures4 
,we !n employ$ six di6}5t 
/rategies ( g5}at+ adv}s>ial 
hypo!sis f newspap} 4c|rses bas$
on ! previ|s rese>* on ,,nlu 
b5*m>ks4 ,9 addi;n1 we develop$ 
cr{ds|rc+ plat=ms to help g5}at+
adv}s>ial hypo!sis ) manual 
annota;n guidel9es4 ,) ? 
approa*1 we cr1t$ #ec1bad 
ad-v}s>ial hypo!sis4
----------------------------#j-e
  ,= all ! g5}at$ hypo!sis1 two 
cr{d-"w}s manually 9spect$ :e!r 
annotat$ data is a3urately cr1t$
)|t fallacy ( ! 9f}5tial judg;t 
( annotators4 ,z a result1 
annotat$ data is n pass$ 9to ! 
next /ep ( proc$ures )|t ! 
agree;t ( ?ree cr{d-"w}s t ! 
cr1t$ data meets ! annota;n 
guidel9es4 ,! total numb} ( 
annotat$ adv}s>ial hypo!sis ) ! 
agree;t ( cr{d "w}s is #ch1jah4
a#j-d       0,ab/ract4        #g
  ,9 ! proc$ure ( exam9+ ! 
usabil;y ( adv}s>ial hypo!sis1 
we p}=m$ language model 
,8fool+,0 t te/s :e!r ! model is
robu/4 ,we te/$ two ,kor1n 
language models call$ ,,klue-
,ro,,b}t,'a-base & ,,kr-,,b}t4 
,crucially1 adv}s>ial hypo!sis t
fails to pass ! fool+ te/ "<or 
~? models su3ess;lly def5d$ ! 
3fu.n ( adv}s>ial hypo!sis"> >e 
4c>d$4 ,! f9al v}.n ( adv}s>ial 
hypo!sis data 3si/s ( #ba1cjj 
examples4 ,9 ! la/ proc$ure ( |r
project1 we us$ five di6}5t 
language models = assess+ ! 
reliabil;y & usabil;y ( ! 
#bj1jeb examples4 ,we f.d t ad- 
v}s>ial hypo!sis data is 
,8prop},0 to /&>d crit}ia ( 
,,nlu b5*m>ks s9ce x m1n+;lly 
boo/s ! p}=m.e ( te/$ language 
models4

  "9 ,key ~ws3 language model1 
,9f};e1 ,,nlu"<,natural 
,language ,"u/&+">1 fool+1 
adv}s>ial hypo!sis1 5tail;t1 
3tradic;n1 neutral1 corpus4
----------------------------#j-f





















b#j-e       0,ab/ract4        #i


























----------------------------#j-g
      ;<"/

  ,'.s5:a. .m"1 p3~( dno.o ~)ju 
.s5. dno.o ~)ju ,g{"u .?{54,'

    .n#a.7 ,s"(
  #a4 lsb `r+ """""""""""" #b#ai
  #b4 lsbw ~s5mrv .qjr7 `v.} 
 """"""""""""""""""""""""" #f#bh
  #c4 `v3"* *`m i=j>7 """ #aj#cd

    .n#b.7 ,)jr7 i5jvw ;m;&
  #a4 ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;& irl7 
 """""""""""""""""""""""" #ai#di
  #b4 ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;& `o.g
 """""""""""""""""""""""" #bj#ec
  #c4 ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;& `v.} eo2 
`|`v """""""""""""""""""" #ba#ee

    .n#c.7 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
,r7,}
  #a4 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,}! 
mrj3 .)">a """""""""""""" #be#fe
  #b4 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,} `v.}
#j-g          ;<"/           #aa
 """""""""""""""""""""""" #ca#ge
  #c4 .asb. $3 `s5,m """" #cd#ha
----------------------------#j-h
    .n#d.7 )s euin1 ,xo`o
8'0fool+,0 ,o1js5
  #a4 )s euin1 ,xo`o ,o1js5 ,t`/
 """""""""""""""""""""""" #cg#he
  #b4 )s euin1 ,xo`o ,o1js5 `|`v
 """""""""""""""""""""""" #ch#hh

    .n#e.7 `s5.{7
  #a4 `s5.{7 .t;<v `|`v  #dh#aje
  #b4 ,o1js5 `|`vw jr,? 
 """"""""""""""""""""""" #eg#aba
  #c4 .egjyw"! h=j3 ;y.= `s5hu 
 """"""""""""""""""""""" #ei#abe

    .n#f.7 `|"(
  #a4 +>a """""""""""""" #fb#abi
  #b4 .n) """""""""""""" #fc#acb

    ;<5`uegj) """""""""" #fd#ace

    82~m"x;0 #bjbb c* e1em7;o 
j5w ~g,? eo2 *`m .o;o5   #fg#ada

----------------------------#j-i
    d+ ;<"/

  ,'.s5:a. .m"1 d+ ;<"/w dno.o 
~)jucz p3~(dno.o ~)juo54,'

  "8d+#a01 j5w_/eu,g_/.m7"ob 
"<~n1w .}w """""""""""""""""" #g
  "8d+#b01 .?ir.? j5w ~g,? 
e1em7;o `m;ma `v.} """"""""" #aj
  "8d+#c01 }eo`p3 .<*s;m"( 
~n3;oef{w l"/ """""""""""""" #aa
  "8d+#d01 inohs ,nh{w `r+   #ae
  "8d+#e01 .?ir.? l"/w ~o`+ `|`v
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #af
  "8d+#f01 .?ir.? l"/"! ja,{bj3 
`}mv `{"s0.o <30z `}m 0,,b}t4w 
,}c{7 ~o`+ """"""""""""""""" #af
  "8d+#g01 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,}
/ """""""""""""""""""""""""" #cd
  "8d+#h01 ,xo`o ,o1js5n 
jv1+7iy3 )seuin1`v d"<eohs f{`o 
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #cg
  "8d+#i01 .asb. "<~n1`v )s 
euin1 /;{a "<~n1w ,xo`o ,o1js5 
#j-i         d+ ;<"/         #ac
d3.} """"""""""""""""""""""" #ch
  "8d+#aj01 #a"<gi{ .m7 `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
,o1js5 `|`v """""""""""""""" #ch
  "8d+#aa01 #b"<gi{ `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
`|`v """"""""""""""""""""""" #ci
  "8d+#ab01 #c"<gi{ `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
`|`v """"""""""""""""""""""" #ci
  "8d+#ac01 #d"<gi{ `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
`|`v """"""""""""""""""""""" #dj
  "8d+#ad01 #e"<gi{ `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
`|`v """"""""""""""""""""""" #dj
  "8d+#ae01 #f"<gi{ `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
`|`v """"""""""""""""""""""" #dj
  "8d+#af01 #g"<gi{ `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
`|`v """"""""""""""""""""""" #da
  "8d+#ag01 #a--#g"<gi{ `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
`|`v8'euin1 #a`r,0 """"""""" #da
  "8d+#ah01 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a 
base4 euin1n,sw ;m"( ~7,oa~| 
d&"o7 ,}`= ~o%1 """""""""""" #de
  "8d+#ai01 #a--#g"<gi{ `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w d&"o7 
`|`v8'euin1 #b`r,0 """"""""" #df
---------------------------#j-aj
  "8d+#bj01 `s5.{7n jv1+7iy3 )s 
euin1`v d"<eohs """""""""""" #dh
  "8d+#ba01 #e`r euin1 ja,{bn 
jv1+7iy3 inohs ,n~m cr:a """ #ea
  "8d+#bb01 j3`mas 0,,nli4 
inohs8'0,,klue-,,nli,0"u eo,n 
.u.}iy3 euin1w ,}c{7 """"""" #ec
  "8d+#bc01 0,,klue-,,nli4v 
0,,anli4w jg"* inohs"u eo,n.u.}!
.qjr7j3 euin1w ,}c{7 """"""" #ed
  "8d+#bd01 0,,anli4"u eo,n.u.}!
.qjr7j3 euin1w ,}c{7 d}$ """ #ee







b#j-i       d+ ;<"/          #ae
---------------------------#j-aa
    `{"o5 ;<"/

  ,'.s5:a. .m"1 `{"o5 ;<"/w 
dno.o ~)jucz p3~(dno.o ~)juo54,'

  "8`{"o5#a01 irl7 eg.7`v $,t 
eg.7 $3w `v3`/ ;m"( /,o """"" #h
  "8`{"o5#b01 `ma"ob`masp3 ,qeg 
e1em7;o #bjbaw `m,} """"""""" #i
  "8`{"o5#c01 0,,hamlet4 .asb 
`=.} """"""""""""""""""""""" #ac
  "8`{"o5#d01 0,,anli4 inohs 
,nh{"! h=j3 q`=.oc{7 )seuin1 d}$
`|`v """"""""""""""""""""""" #ad
  "8`{"o5#e01 `ma"ob`masp3 
,qege1em7;o #bjbaw 0,,json4 `m.u
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #ai
  "8`{"o5#f01 ,)jr7 i5jvw ;m;& 
`v.} """"""""""""""""""""""" #bc
  "8`{"o5#g01 ,qeg{"u~mhs ;m;&j3
,)jr7 i5jv /,o """"""""""""" #bc
  "8`{"o5#h01 .asb."! mrj3 
j5w~g,? e1em7;o .asb+7 pf{~n3;o 
 """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #cc
  "8`{"o5#i01 .asb. $3 `s5,m 
.qjr7 `v.} """"""""""""""""" #ce
























a#j-aa      `{"o5 ;<"/       #ag


























------------------------------#a
      .n#a.7 ,s"(
------------------------------#b
    #a4 lsb `r+

  #a4a4 lsbw ~r`}`v do1+,}
  q`=.oc{7 )s euin1w o1~3.?q )s 
ojr c{7":a! d}$jcz 0,,glue
"<,g5}al ,language ,"u/&+ 
,evalua;n1 ,wang et ;al4" 
#bjah">4z ;= #i`rw `v.n"u o"ms.:
o/{e: o `v.ni!z f{`n 8'#a,0 
i3o1eg.7 `v.n" 8'#b,0 %l,}`v 
sjmr ~*+7 `v.n" 8'#c,0 ;m"( `v.n
i{7{"u ~g"%iy1 ,m o/i4 ocz ;y,q 
.<*s;s"o euin1q 0,,b}t1 
,,gpt-#cw .m+ ,}c{7 d}$ .od+"u 
`oc{7jr v/.oe3" ;y`z )s euin1i!w
~1.) ,xiu$ ,~1"<.o5n ,i"< 
0,sup},,glue"<,a ,/icki} ,b5*m>k
= ,g5}al-,purpose ,language 
,"u/&+ ,sy/ems1 ,wang et ;al41 
#bjbj">4$ .n<3iy`oiu j<:/i4 ac 
0,,glue4v 0,sup},,glue4w `}m" 
euim j3`mas )s euin1w ,}c{7! 
#a         .n#a.7  #a4       #ai
d}$j`oncz .?.tj.o eu'j3 e*o o/i4
h{ajo" .<*s;s"o `vsb8'0task,0 
.m7 jc<q .<* )s ;m"(8'0,natural 
,language ,9f};e1 ,,nli,0n,s 
eg.7 low j5w `v3`/"! ;m"(jcz 
c{7":a! d}$jcz j3`mas inohs 
,nh{$ ;m7~gj.o <30icz .s5o 
.m7+ji4
  `o.(w j3`mas 0,,nli4 inohs 
,nh{cz }s inohs"! ~):aj<: 
l+7j3i`sc8'0,kor,,nli1 ,ham et 
;al4" #bjbj,0 j3`mas )s euin1w 
,}c{7 d}$"! mrjr j3`mas inohs"! 
$.o`u `m;maiy3 inohso.oe3" 
0,,snli1 ,,mnli4v $8z `o.( 
0,,nli4 inohsv ~o,{'j3 ~7~sb"(! 
h=jr `m;maiys/icz
8'0,,klue-,,nli1 ,p>k et ;al4" 
#bjba,0 j3`/$ o/i4
  o"sj3 l7jv7 ,xn,s ~1.)j`u o/cz
j3`mas q`=.oc{7 )s euin1w .<*s 
;m"( c{7":a! d}$j`u `{ ,}c{7! 
cu4o1 ,m o/iu"x ja,{b,ofo`o mrj3
j3`mas j5w ~g,? inohs ,nh{$ 
do1+je:" o"! mrjr ,8.?ir.?0' 
~7,oa! l+7j3 j5w ~g,? e1em7;o"! 
`m;maj1 do1+,}o f{`n irimiy`u 
o/i4
------------------------------#c
  o,ir ,8.?ir.?0' ~7,oao"< j5z 
)s euin1o ,mrb`n `|`v"! ;m"(jr 
cr.o eu'jiu"x wiu.?{"u ;m"( 
`v3`/"! ,t`/j3 ~7,oa! ,i{'j3i4 
.{a inohs ,nh{"! `m;majcz in 
o/s,s q$3`v )s euin1o i"{`n 
;m"(j1 ,m o/cz ~7,oa{"u inohs 
,nh{"! `m,}j5{"u `m7`{a.?{"ucz 
)s euin1w ;m"( c{7":a! q$3`v 
%lj`sc cu4z ,m.g{"u jg"*,ofo`u. 
inohs"! `m;majcz ~7,oa! 
,8.?ir.?0' ~7,oao"< jcz _soi4
  .?ir.? j5w ~7,oa! .?+7j<: 
`m;maiy3 inohs ,nh{w do1+,}! 
.}"oje* i<{5`v $8i4

  7 0,sup},,glue4w #i$.o d}$ 
`v.nn,s #d`r `v.n8'0,,,mnli1 
qnli1 rte1 wnli,0$ .<*s;m"( 
~n3;oef{o5
  7 cu4z .<*s;m"( ,}c{7z `m;n.?q
j<mr`v.nq .o1w{7ib" `v3`/
b#b        .n#a.7  #a4       #ba
;m;&n,sw cu4z ,}c{7`v `{7.}.?q 
l7`v3`v3`/"! $.o`u o/{5
  7 .m,?.$ s":g $,t! ,r7,}j<: 
q`=.oc{7w .1eu'iy3 /;{a! %iujcz 
~7~sbz q$3`v q`=.oc{7w 
,mjr7c{7":a ;<o8'0p}=m.e gap,0$ 
.ubj:.ocz l7jv7n,s erm %+7j3 
.sb`zo5
  7 .?ir.? d{"u,n,{cz j5w ~g,?`v
c("o.? `m.u"! i1"ojcz ,r"ug 
j3`mas ~n3;oef{niu .?+7o $c{7j5
  7 ;u`sir q`=.oc{7o `=`riy3 ~ 
o/{c" im l1 <ow ;m"( c{7":a~ui 
~m.xjicz ~od3o o/s/{5
  7 .<*s;m"(z ~uh= l"<5o"<e* 
cm`mc ,m+7j.oe3" q`=.oc{7z 
,mrb`n d& ,m sb'cz eg.n"! 
.n,oj5{"u,,s q`=.oc{7w j>7jm 
~1.) ~7j>7! `m;n.?{"u .n,oj5
  7 j*ir j3`maqw )s l+7 >7l7! 
,m.obj3 e1em7;o"! q`=.oc{7 l3sbn
jv1+7$c{7j3 io.oht.<p3{"u 
$`=j3icz .s5n,s ww$ f{54 }eo`p3 
e1em7;o"! ~):aj3 s,raj3 j3`mas$ 
<cq .<*,{"sg j3`mas"! ja,{bj3 
q`=.oc{7 d}$$ $c{7j5
------------------------------#d
  #a4b4 lsbw ex.?
  ~( lsbz j3`mas q`=.oc{7w `vsb 
,mjr7 c{7":a o1~3`v cu4z 
l7`v3`v3`/"! $k`u o/cz )s ;m"(q 
,8j5w ~g,?0'! mrjr ,qeg 
hna,{h{"u~mhs ,)jr7 i5jv"! 
;m;&j`u" o"! `o~3{"u .?ir.? 
l"/"! ,r7,}j<: q`=.oc{7 d}$+7 
~n3;oef{"u $`=j5{"u,,s .<*s ojr 
~n3;oef{w ;mr>a,} eg.n"! ~uv3j`o
mrj3 ~7<3! e"*jcz in ex.?o o/i4 
h{ajo q`=.oc{7w `{b,xj3 ~1.){"u 
qj<: q$3`v q`=.oc{7w `v.n ,mjr7 
c{7":a ;<o$ erm .ubj:.oe*,s .<*s
ojr"! mrj3 ~n3;oef{w ,.1bz ,me}
8'0l;gev;y,0o ,o`{bjo ~uv3jr> j1
eg.n"u ~m$aiy`u o/i4
  `{i=<3 `r~1iy3 o1~m 
~n3;oef{i!! l1d:~u.e*" 0,,rte4cz
`udm5.o1w ,m.asb e1em7;oo.oe3" 
`%eu$ .a< `o`/ja,{bn .?jbj.o 
<30`u" .).n-$,tn irj3 d}.}o 
;n`/.?o.o eu'j3icz j3`/$ o/i4 
0,,snli4cz inohs `%eu"! #ajj~r 
#d         .n#a.7  #a4       #bc
ol7{"u jva.7j`u" #b1ejj e}w 
f{"<mi{ pfs"! jv1+7j<: 
`m;maiys/czin .).n-$,t #a`)i7 
#eqw .m,? d}.}! ,mjr7j`u" ojm 
i,mw w`*! ,i"{5{"u,,s `}js5.?{"u
hi7j38'0empirically valid,0 
.oa`v3! "<~n1"u ~m;<aj`oiu 
j<:/i4 0,,mnli4cz i3o1 .7"{
8'oeo.o frb,*,0$ <cq" `ms eo2 
egs #aj.=w i<>7j3 .7"{n,s .).n"!
;m;&j<: .<*s;m"(w iuenq .)o
8'0doma9-transf},0"! $7jvj<:/i4 
0,,scitail4z .m,?.$ qmr.?q $,t! 
,r7,}jcz _so <cq" .o1w{7ib 
e1em7;o"! .).n-$,t"u ~*jv3jcz 
~7~sb"(! .n,oj`oiu j<:/czin i3 
.<*,{"sg i5jvn,scz eu,g `v3`/$ 
erm jw,uj5! ~u:.ms/i4 0,,anli4cz
euin1o /;{a! h!"o1 ,ir,$.o 
.m,?.$ eg.n"! ~3~x.?{"u ;&.njcz 
.?ir.?8'0adv}s>ial,0 .sb`z~sb! 
;mrj`u o/icz .s5n,s ~( `vsb`v 
;m`mjcz ~7j>7o o1;oj3i4
------------------------------#e
  ov $8z .<*s;m"( ~n3;oef{w .m+ 
`r~1 cr+7 h{ajo" 0,,anli4"! 
.m7,o5{"u j3 j5w ~g,?! .<*sojr 
~n3;oef{w `*`u,}8'0robu/;s,0 
$7jvw .m+ ;ma{"u ~1.),ofocz _so 
~( lsbw ex.?o"<`u j1 ,m o/i4

  #a4c4 lsb `|`vw jv1+7`v ww
  .?ir.? l"/ `o~3{"u `m;maiy3 
j5w ~g,? e1em7;ocz m,) j3`mas 
q`=.oc{7 euin1w ,}c{7 j>7l7n 
`o:j1 ,m o/i4 <4n,siu .o.?j3 ~<v
$8o .?ir.? l"/n `o~3j.o <30z 
`o.( ~n3;oef{ inohs"! jv1+7j3 
euin1i!z `*`u,}o ,its.qi
8'0,szeg$y et ;al4" #bjad,04 
~3e* .?ir.? l"/"! `o~3{"u j3 
~n3;oef{ inohsi!z euin1w `*`u,}!
cu4o`u `vsb ,mjr7w ;{ae*n,siu 
cu4z ,}c{7! ~u:.mcz _s{"u <1":.:
o/i4 ov $8o ,8.?ir,}0'! .?`{a 
jv1+7j1 ,m o/cz `o~3! 
e"*j5{"u,,s j3`mas q`=.oc{7 
euin1w ,}c{7 j>7l7n f{`n `o:j1 
,m o/i4
  ,iuj3 .?ir.? l"/ `o~3w inohscz
~o`+.? .7`o$3 ,8~n3;oef{0'"u,s 
a#e        .n#a.7  #a4       #be
`oc{7j1 ,m o/i4 )s euin1w ~1.) 
,xiu$ ,~1"<.oe*,s" ~n3;oef{w 
`r~1 ,xiu$ o"! ,i"<.b.o eu'j`u 
o/{5o .o.?iy`oiu j<:/i8'0,nie et
;al4" #bjbj,04 `|`v.?{"u 
q`=.oc{7 euin1w >a.s5! `=">ajcz 
.?ir.? l"/i!! h=jr euin1i!o 
~n3;oef{ inohs ,nh{w h=`/.? 
d*j>7! ~m.?.tj`n ja,{bj`sc 
jv1+7jcz _s! ~7.oj`u" o"! h=jr 
inohs ,nh{ .;n$ d}$"! mrj3 inohs
,nh{"u,s is u"r %.oiy1 ,m o/i4
  j3d* j3`mas"! irl7{"u j3 
.?ir.? l"/ `o~3w j5w ~g,? 
e1em7;o"! h=jr s9! ,m o/cz 
j+`v"! .u5 is `m;n.?{"u c(wje* 
i<{5`v $8i4 m,) .?ir.? l"/ 
ja,{b! h=j3 .<*s;s"o euin1w 
.}jvaiu"! j>7l7j1 ,m o/i4 `o.(w 
*`m `|`vq 0,~w,,cnn1 ,~w,,l/m1 
,,b}t4v $8z :"s .="%w .<*s;s"o 
euin1n,siu euim .?ir.? l"/"! 
ja,{b inohs"u l+7j3 jmn .}jva,}o
cu4<.:/{5o ~u`uiy3 ~ o/i8'0,j9 
et ;al41 #bjbj,04

------------------------------#f
  ,iuj3 j3`mas .?ir.? l"/ j5w 
~g,?n irj3 )s euin1i!w ,}c{7 
d}$$ $c{7jr.qi4 .o`{5,$.ocz 
.?ir.? 0,,nli4"! j3`masn .?+7j3 
*`m$ `sw ~&$c{7jr/{e:" `o5eqju 
y8'#bjbj,0w *`mcz j3`mas"! 
duj5j3 i`mas"u o"ms.q .?ir.? 
e1em7;o,80,,paws-;,x0'"! jv1+7j3
_sos/i4 ac jri7 *`mcz 
,8i,o,,{`o0'8'0p>aphras+,0 h5.on
;u.s5! im`u o/! ,~g o"! 0,,nli4 
*`m"u ~u`oncz s":m5o o/{e:" jri7
e1em7;o ,iuj3 ir{7iycz y`mas 
."+w ~):a! h=jr `m;maiys/icz 
j3`/$ o/i4
  ,i"<,s ~( lsb! h=jr j3`mas"u 
`m;maiy3 ;y;uw .?ir.? j5w ~g,? 
e1em7;o"! jva~uj`n iy3i4 o 
e1em7;ocz j3`mas .?ir.? j5w ~g,?
e1em7;ow d+.g{"u,sw .omr"! $.o`n
iye:" j3`masw .?ir.? e1em7;o 
`m;man o/s ,)iu.?q :aj1! 
,mjr7j5{"u,,s jm,x *`mi!! 
;x~1j`n iy1 _soi4
#f         .n#a.7  #a4       #bg
    #b4 lsbw ~s5mrv .qjr7 `v.}

  #b4a4 lsbw ~s5mr
  o1~3.?{"u j5w ~g,?
8'0,recogniz+ ,textual 
,5tailm5t_/,,rte,0o"<3 .ms.q j3 
,l7w eg.78',)jr7 i5jvv $,t 
eg.7,0n irj<: im eg.7 $3w 
`v3`/"! ;m"(jcz `v.n8'0,fyodorov
et ;al4 #bjjj2 ,3doravdi et ;al4
#bjjc2 ,bos & ,m>k}t #bjje2 
,dagan et ;al4 #bjje2 
,mac,c>tney & ,mann+ #bjji,0"! 
e1j3i4
------------------------------#g
  o~) `vsbn,scz .ms.q ,)jr7 
i5jvv $,t eg.7w ,l7n irj<: im 
eg.7 $3w `v3`/$ j5w8'05tail;t,0"
.m7"ob8'0neutral,0" eu,g
8'03tradic;n,0w ,n $.o "<~n1
8'0label,0 .m7 s,i) `}mn 
jri7jcz.o"! ;m"(j<: .?jbj3 
"<~n1! ~m;<ajcz _so jra,o5 cr+7o
iy3i4 o,ir j5w" .m7"ob" eu,gz 
"8d+#a01`v $8o .}wiy3i4

    "8d+#a01 j5w_/eu,g_/.m7"ob 
"<~n1w .}w
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  "<~n18'0label,0"1 .}w
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w8'05tail;t,0"1 .).n jxz 
egerao iycz irl7 eg.7o $,t eg.7!
j5wjcz `v3`/ 8'0def9itely 
correct,0
  .m7"ob8'0neutral,0"1 .).n jxz 
egerao iycz irl7 eg.7w 
.}~ue3{"ucz $,t eg.7o irl7 eg.7n
irj<: j5wq.o eu,gq.o jva.}j1 ,m 
sb'cz `v3`/ 8'0nei def9itely 
correct nor def9itely 9correct,0
  eu,g8'03tradic;n,0"1 .).n jxz 
egerao iycz irl7 eg.7o $,t 
eg.7`v eu,giycz `v3`/ 
8'0def9itely 9correct,0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  .{a ~( `vsbz .).n jxz egera{"u
`oc{7jcz ,)jr7 i5jvv $,t eg.7w 
,l7o .ms.o1 ,ir im eg.7 $3w 
`v3`/"! ;m"(jr,s j5w_/.m7"ob_/
a#g        .n#a.7  #b4       #bi
eu,g .m7 .?.tj3 "<~n1! jc 
,)hraj<: ~m:jcz _s{"u i<{5w 
"8`{"o5#a01z `{ /,ooi4
------------------------------#h
    "8`{"o5#a01 irl7 eg.7`v $,t 
eg.7 $3w `v3`/ ;m"( /,o
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  irl7eg.7"1 u1,~reo ~s,{cz 
jujm#aa,o~mhs u.)#f,o,$.o 
g}iy3i4
  $,teg.7"1 u1,~reo ~s,{w g} 
,o$3z #g,o$3oi
  ~3o
  0lavel"1 j5w8'0,5tail;t,0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  o"sj3 cr+7! `o~(.?q .).n"u 
j<:" #bjbb c*iu `vsbn,scz i<{5`v
$8z cr+7,$.o duj5jcz _s{"u `vsbw
~s5mr$ ,t.}iys/i4
  82#a;0 .?ir.? j5w ~g,? e1em7;o
`m;ma ~7~sb"( eo2 .o;o5 ,m"ob
  82#b;0 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,}
  7 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,}! mrj3 
,)jr7 i5jv ;m;&
  - ,)jr7 i5jvcz `ma"ob`masp3 
,qeg e1em7;o #bjban,s ;m;&j5
  7 euin1 ,xo`o8'0fool+,0"! 
mrj<: #c e3 `)w $,t eg.7 ,r7,}
  - ;y.= `|`ve&z euin1 ,xo`on 
,}`=j3 ;= #b e3 `)w .?ir.? $,t 
eg.7{"u `m,}iy3 e1em7;o
  - euin1 ,xo`on ,o1drj3 .m7$3 
l3;&e&iu duj5jr,s .n;&
  82#c;0 euin1 `s5.{7
  - )s euin1! l+7j<: .?ir.? $,t 
e1em7;ow $7`),} `s5.{7
------------------------------#i
  j3d* .?ir.? $,t! ,r7,}j`o mrj3
,)jr7 i5jv"! ;m;&j1 `ma"ob`masp3
,qeg e1em7;o #bjbaw `m,}z 
"8`{"o5#b01v $8i4

    "8`{"o5#b01 `ma"ob`masp3 
,qeg e1em7;o #bjbaw `m,}
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  er;n .="%"1 er;n o"{5
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  .)`ma.=jbo1$38'#e`r,0"1 
`maeqo1~u" ,s&,qeg" .u,)o1~u" 
j3`:"n" j3`mao1~u
a#h        .n#a.7  #a4       #ca
  .o:a.=jbo1$38'#af`r,0"1 
$7p3iueqo1~u" `}`oo1~u" 
`}c5iueqo1~u" `}~mao1~u" 
c5iuo1~u" ir`m,qeg" ir.)o1~u" 
ero1,qeg" ~ml3o1~u" q;)o1~u" 
.)c5o1~u" .)~maiueqo1~u" 
.m7iuo1~u" .m7~mo1~u" ;m7;}o1~u 
;m7;}hmino
  `}.no1$38'#h`r,0"1 
0e4irj3`}.n" escohmino4 ,s&`}.n"
<,o<`}.n" <.m`}.n" d<ocr3,|c%,{"
j3`ma`}.n" jn"ti{`}.n
  ,{du;{o1$38'#a`r,0"1 ,{du;{,s&
  .)ego1$38'#b`r,0"1 .).,qeg" 
jv3`}o1~u
  qhscn',qeg8'#c`r,0"1 
0,,ebn4l3sbc%,{ cufs'c%,{" 
c%,{do5
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  #b4b4 lsbw .qjr7 `v.}
  .?ir.? j5w ~g,?w 
jj>7,oa8'0,top-d{n,0 ,r7,} `=.}z
f{`n 8'#a,0 ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;& 
i3`/" 8'#b,0 .?ir.? l"/ ,r7,} 
i3`/" 8'#c,0 .asb.$3 `s5,m i3`/"
8'#d,0 euin1 ,xo`o8'0fool+,0 
i3`/w cn i3`/"u `m,}iy3i4 o 
`v.}! iu,oajvje* "8d+#b01v $8i4
-----------------------------#aj
    "8d+#b01 .?ir.? j5w ~g,? 
e1em7;o `m;ma `v.}
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  8'#a,0 ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;&"1 ,qeg 
e1em7;o #bjban,s ,)jr7 eg.7 5 
irl7 eg.7 ;m;&
  8'#b,0 .?ir.? $,t ,r7,}"1 irl7
eg.7! ~h7{"u j3 .?ir.? l"/ ,r7,}
eo2 "<~n1 ~m;<a
  8'#c,0 .asb. $3 `s5,m"1 .?ir.?
l"/w "<~n1n irjr p3 .asb. #aq`v 
h .asb. #bqw w`*o euim o1;ojcz 
`}m"! ,mjb
  8'#d,0 euin1 0fool+"1 .asb. 
#cqw w`*o euim o1;ojcz l"/"! 
euin1n ob":aj<: 0fool+4o ,}`=jcz
l"/e3! ,mjb
=777777777777777777777777777777=



b#i        .n#a.7  #b4       #cc
    #c4 `v3"* *`m i=j>7

  }eo`p3n,s .<*s;m"( ~n3;oef{cz 
q`=.oc{7o `m;n.?q `vsb o1~3w 
,mjr7 c{7":a`v l7`v3`v3`/$ cu4z 
;ml7.?q ,m.gw c("o.? `v3`/"! 
ojrj`u o/cz.o d}$j`o mrj<: 
`r~1iys/i4 o"sj3 .<*s;m"( `v.ncz
inohsw `%eujv" .7"{w i<>7jv" 
.m,? `=.}w .}`+jv"! .m+ ;ma{"u 
j<: ~1.)j<:/czin o"! .}"oje* 
"8d+#c01`v $8i4
-----------------------------#aa
    "8d+#c01 }eo`p3 .<*s;m"( 
~n3;oef{w l"/
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
    #a
  ~n3;oef{"1 hna,{h{ j5w q,oa
8'0,,rte-#a,0
  inohs `%eu"1 #a1ccg `)
8'0dev "6 te/,0
  .).n eg.7 .7"{"1 .m,? e1em7;o
8'.o1w {7ib,0 prb ."+8'c%,{ 
`ol,0
  $,t eg.7 .m,? `=.}"1 .).n 
eg.7n irj<: ;<5`v `s.o' $,t
8'0,true_/,false hypo!sis,0! 
,r7,}j5
    #b
  ~n3;oef{"1 ,{hr3dui{ .<*s;m"(
8'0,,snli,0
  inohs `%eu"1 #egj1aeb `)
8'0tra9 "6 dev "6 te/,0
  .).n eg.7 .7"{"1 oeo.o frb,*
8'0,flickr #cjk,0
  $,t eg.7 .m,? `=.}"1 .m,? 
.asb.cz #c`rw .).nv j5w
8'05tail;t,0" eu,g
8'03tradic;n,0" .m7"ob
8'0neutral,0 $,t! ,r7,}j`u" #eqw
d}.} .s5,m"! ,m.obj<: "<~n1"u 
$`=j5
    #c
  ~n3;oef{"1 i.=.7"{ .<*s;m"(
8'0,,mnli,0
  inohs `%eu"1 #dcc1jjj `)
8'0tra9 "6 dev "6 te/,0
  .).n eg.7 .7"{"1 #aj.=w `ms_/
egs e1em7;o
  $,t eg.7 .m,? `=.}"1 i3o1 
.7"{q 0,,snli4v i1"o" {5,} .)l" 
a#aa       .n#a.7  #c4       #ce
#a"1a irjv" *,teg" d*.o" %e} 
,u,tn,s .).n"! ;m;&j5
    #d
  ~n3;oef{"1 `vja .o1w{7ib 
.<*s;m"(8'0,,scitail,0
  inohs `%eu"1 #bg1jjj `)
  .).n eg.7 .7"{"1 .m7`ui{7ja`+ 
`vja ~g> eg.n.ob
  $,t eg.7 .m,? `=.}"1 .o1eg`v 
#d.o ,)ij} `ra`v3,oa eg.n"! 
j5,`n #a`){"u j<:" .o1eg! $,t 
eg.7{"u $3.mj`u ,).o"! #aj`rw 
.).n eg.7{"u ~*j}j5
    #e
  ~n3;oef{"1 .?ir.? .<*s;m"(
8'0,,anli,0
  inohs `%eu"1 #afi1jjj `)
8'0tra9 "6 dev "6 te/,0
  .).n eg.7 .7"{"1 `o.( 
e1em7;o_/~n3;oef{
  $,t eg.7 .m,? `=.}"1 .m,?."! 
,8jvoh{jrfs0'"u $3.mj`u euin1o 
;mr>aj3 .?ir.? .<*s;m"( l"/"! 
e3i{cz :aj1! ~m:j5
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  :`o,s 0,,rte4cz ;<5`v `s.o' 
$,tw ~gdu"! #ej0p ir #ej0p "u 
h=.nj`u" c("o.? `v3`/n irj3 
.m,?.<w d3i3o o1;oj.o <30cz 
.).n-$,t 8'#bj0p,0! .nyj<:/{e:" 
0,,snli4cz .).nv i1"o $,tw `o1o$
ir~m~g #g i3s `o1o:/i4
-----------------------------#ab
  ,iuj3 #eqw d}.}. .m7n,s #cq 
ol7w .oa`v3o jb;ojcz "<~n1o 
duj5iy3 .).n-$,t! ;y.= d}$,nh{"u
`=`rj`u o/i4 o 0,,snli4cz #b0p 
eoe3w .).n-$,tn,s .oa`v3 ~&o1;o 
eg.n$ ~1,r7j<:/i4 0,,scitail4z 
#e e}w d}.}.$ .).n"! o1a`u .).n$
$,t! imr'~9;o5jcz.o"! `o.g{"u 
l5~g.o .m,? .}~u"! ~m;<aj<:/i4 
o,ir .).n$ $,t`v l7;m7jcz eu,gz 
erm jw,uj<: .nyiys/i4 e.oea{"u 
0,,anli4cz 0,r.d #a--#cn,s 
.m,?.$ $,t! ,r7,}j`u 0,,b}t1 
,ro,,b}t,'a4euj}o .}ib "<~n1! 
~3~x.?{"u /;{ajiu"x ,mjr7iys/i4 
o 0,,anli4cz ,q`}e7 euj}o /;{a! 
h!"oe* .m,?.<w o5emcz v3,miy`u
c#aa       .n#a.7  #c4       #cg
8'o1.=w euin1 ,xo`o ,o1js5,0" 
0,r.d4"! `si{bj1,m"x is i<>7j3 
.7"{w e1em7;on,s ~ui .?ir.?q 
l"/"! .n.aj<:/i4
  o ~aan j5w ~g,?! jv1+7j3 
.<*s;m"(8'0,,nli,0 }:an,sw 
ird+.?q .?ir.? l"/ *`m"u 
0,,,anli `& hamlet8'0,nie et 
;al4" #bjbj,0! i! ,m o/i4 o 
*`mn,scz `o.( 0,,nli4 inohs 
,nh{w eg.n.s5! .o.?j<:/czin" .{a
q`=.oc{7 euin1w ~1.) ,xiu"! 
`o.(w .<*sojr ~n3;oef{$ ,i"<$.o 
eu'j`u o/icz _soi4 `o.(w 0,,nlu4
~n3;oef{"ucz ~uh= 0,,snli1 
,,sq,'u,,ad1 ,s5t,eval1 ,,glue4 
i{7! i! ,m o/czin oi!o q$3w ojr 
c{7":an iui1jcz inncz `o1`ncz 
#ae c*8'0,,mni/,0" ,.1b`ncz 
#g c*8'0,image,net,0 .}iuw `o$3o
,u+iys/i4 `{ jm #bjah c* 
0,,b}t4w i{7.7 ojmncz" o"sj3 
0,,ai4 euin1i!o 0,,glue4v $8z 
~n3;oef{n,s q$3 ,m.gw ojriun 
iui1jcz ,xiu$ erm ,~1"<.o`n 
iys/`u o"sj3 o%"u 
0,sup},,glue4"<`u jcz ,r"ug 
~n3;oef{$ i{7.7j`n iys/i4
  ac `v* j*.rw ;y,q8'0/ate-(-!-
>t,0 euin1i!o ,o1.n"u ~n3;oef{$ 
d}$"! ~9cz _se3f{5w .u0z ,}c{7! 
cr`u o/cz.ocz .r`uw :.o$ o/i4 
.{a `o.(w ~n3;oef{n,s cu4z 
.s5,m"! ~9`u o/cz euin1i!o q$3o 
weo"! ojrjcz _s;s"s5 s,i) 
o1~3jv$ $c{7j3 ~7,oa{"u weo"! 
ojrjcz _so <co"<" ~n3;oef{ inohs
,nh{w wl.?q h=`/ drh)e3! 
jv1+7jr,s cu4z .s5,m"! ~9`u 
o/icz wego hi7,} o/`n .n`oiys/`o
,iregoi4
-----------------------------#ac
  0,,anli4 inohs ,nh{v 
0,,hamlet4w jra,o5z c3oiu$ 
cu4`u" u"r3 `o$3 i=<3 q`=.oc{7 
,}c{7 d}$n %j+j3 ~n3;oef{"! 
`m;majcz _soi4 :`o,scz .?ir.?q 
inohs ,nh{"! `m;maj`o mrj3 
`m;n.?q ~7~sb"(! .n,oj`u o/! ,~g
<co"< h{a.} inohs ,nh{ne3 %+7j`n
ek;ms.q h=`/ drh)! <a+7jcz _s! 
b#ab       .n#a.7  #c4       #ci
~7.oj`u" ,o1.n q`=.oc{7 )s 
euin1w )s ;m"( c{7":a! 
~n3;oef{"! h=jr jvaqj`u" 
q`=.oc{7 euin1 ,}c{7! .)~3.?{"u 
j>7l7,ofo1 ,m o/iu"x cu":aj<:/i4
;<5`u"u 0,,hamlet4w .asb `=.}z 
"8`{"o5#c01`v $8i8'0,nie et 
;al41 #bjbj,04

    "8`{"o5#c01 0,,hamlet4 .asb 
`=.}
  ,'`{"o5 ,r7">a,'"1 0,human-,&-
,model-9-!-,loop-,5tail;t 
,tra9+4

  ,iuj3 .?ir.? inohs"! h=jr 
jg"*! ,ofo1,m"x euin1w `*`u,}o 
j>7l7iy3icz .s5! ~u:.ms/{e:" 
0,,anli4"! h=jr ja,{b,ofq euin1o
c(eg ;&d3 i7,o"! `o.g{"u $.7 
.u0z ,}c{7! ~u:/i4 o *`mn,s 
,o1js5j3 0,,anli4 inohs ,nh{"! 
jv1+7j3 q`=.oc{7 )s euin1w d}$ 
`|`vcz "8`{"o5#d01v $8i8'0,nie 
et ;al41#bjbj,04

-----------------------------#ad
    "8`{"o5#d01 0,,anli4 inohs 
,nh{"! h=j3 q`=.oc{7 )s euin1 
d}$ `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  0,model  ,tra9+ ,data3 ,,,a#a 
a#b  a#c  anli  anli-;e  snli,' 
,,mnli-m_/-mm4
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
    0,,b}t
  ,s1 ,m"9#a3 #jj4j  #bh4i  
#bh4h  #ai4h  #ai4i  #ia4c  
#hf4g_/#hf4d
  "6,a#a3 #dd4b  #cb4f  #bi4c  
#ce4j  #cd4b  #ia4c  #hf4c_/
#hf4e
  "6,a#a "6,a#b3 #eg4c  #de4b  
#cc4d  #dd4f  #dc4b  #ij4i  
#hf4c_/#hf4c
  "6,a "6,a#b "6,a#c3 #eg4b  
#di4j  #df4a  #ej4e  #df4c  
#ij4i  #he4f_/#he4d
  ;,,,s1 ;m1 ;f1 anli,'3 #eg4d
#dh4c  #dc4e  #di4c  #dd4b  
#ij4d  #hf4j_/#he4h
#ad        .n#a.7  #c4       #da
    ,,xln,'et
  ;,,,s1 ;m1 ;f1 anli,'3 #fg4f  
#ej4g  #dh4c  #ee4a  #eb4j  
#ia4h  #hi4f_/#hi4d
    ,ro,,b}t,'a
  ;,s1 ;,m3 #dg4f  #be4d  #bb4a 
#ca4a  #ca4d  #ib4f  #ij4h_/
#ij4f
  "6,f3 #ed4j  #bd4b  #bb4d  
#cb4h  #cc4g  #ib4g  #ij4f_/
#ij4e
  "6,f"6,a#a"9#b3 #fh4g  #ai4c  
#bb4j  #ce4h  #cf4h  #ib4h  
#ij4i_/#ij4g
  "6,f"6,a#a"6,a#b"9#c3 #ga4b  
#dd4c  #bj4d  #dc4g  #da4d  
#ib4i  #ia4j_/#ij4g
   ;,,,s1 ;m1 ;f1 anli,'3 #gc4h
#dh4i  #dd4d  #ec4g  #di4g  
#ib4f  #ia4j_/#ij4f
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  e.oea{"u ;<5`uj1 e3j3 *`m"u 
0,j9 et ;al48'#bjbj,0! i! ,m 
o/i4 o *`mn,siu .?ir.? l"/ 
inohs"! .<*s;s"o8'0,,nlp,0 
euin1n ja,{bj<: euin1w ,}c{7 
`r,)! ,oiuj<:/i4 o,ir .?ir.? l"/
inohs"! ja,{bj1 .<*s;s"o 
euin1"ucz 0,~w,,cnn1 ,~w,,l/m1 
/&>d ,9f},s5t1 ,,esim" au 
0,,b}t"<,bidirec;nal ,5cod} 
,repres5ta;ns f ,trans=m}s">4 
i{7o duj5iys/i4 0,,b}t4"! 
~o"u'j3 :"s .<*s;s"o euin1w 
hna,{h{ ~g"%8'0classifica;n,0v 
j5w ~g,? `v.n8'0,,rte,0 ,mjr7n 
o/s,s :"s $.o inohs ,nh{"! 
jv1+7j<: .?ir.? l"/"! ja,{b
,of:/czin" j5w ~g,?! ,mjr7jcz 
`v.}n,s .?ir.? l"/"! jv1+7j<:/! 
,ir 0/&>d ,9f},s5t1 ,,esim1 
,,b}t4 ,n euin1w .}jvaiu
8'0a3uracy,0$ f{`n ,its.q _s{"u 
chc/i4 ,iuj3 ,u,{ inohse3!
jg"*,of:/! ,ir~ui .?ir.? l"/"! 
jg"*,of:/! ,ir 0,,mr4`v 0,,snli4
im `v.nw ,mjr7n o/s 0,,b}t4 
euin1w `*`u,}8'0robu/;s,0o 
j>7l7iycz _s{"u i{"sc/i4 o 
*`mn,s i"m`u o/cz inohs ,nh{cz 
b#ad       .n#a.7  #c4       #dc
"8d+#d01v $8i4
-----------------------------#ae
    "8d+#d01 inohs ,nh{w `r+
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  `vsb8'0,task,0  inohs ,nh{
8'0,dataset,0"1 jg"* `%eu
8'0,tra9,0  hn,{h{ `%eu
8'0,te/,0  d}`%3`o1o8'0,av}age 
,l5g?,0
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
    ~g"%8'0,classifica;n,0
  0,,ag's ,news"1 #cj0,k4  
#a4i0,k4  #dc
  0,fake ,news"1 #ah4h0,k4  
#b0,k4  #hhe
  0,,mr"1 #i0,k4  #a0,k4  #bj
  0,,imdb"1 #be0,k4  #be0,k4  
#bae
  0,yelp"1 #efj0,k4  #ch0,k4  
#aeb
    j5w8'0,5tail;t,0
  0,,snli"1 #egj0,k4  #c0,k4  #h
  0,multi,,nli"1 #dcc0,k4  
#aj0,k4  #aa
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  ,iuj3 "8d+#e01cz .?ir.? l"/v 
~o`+ `|`v"! .}"oj3 _so`u" 
"8d+#f01z .?ir.? l"/"! ja,{bj3 
`|`vv `{"s0.o <30z `}m 0,,b}t4w 
,}c{7 ;<o"! chcr3 _soi4
-----------------------------#af
    "8d+#e01 .?ir.? l"/w ~o`+ 
`|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  `m~g"1 0,9f},s5t4 )seuin1
80,,snli  ,multi,,nli"<m_/mm">0 
0,,esim4 )seuin180,,snli  
,multi,,nli"<m_/mm">0  0,,b}t4 
)seuin180,,snli  ,multi,,nli
"<m_/mm">0
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  ;y;u .}jvaiu8'0,orig9al 
,a3uracy,0"1 8#hd4c4  #gj4i_/
#fi4f0  8#hf4e  #gg4f_/#ge4h0
8#hi4d  #he4a_/#hb4a0
  .?ir.? ojm .}jvaiu80,af-
,attack ,a3uracy0"1 80#c4e  
#f4g_/#f4i0  80#e4a  #g4g_/#g4c0
80#d4j  #i4f_/#h4c0
  0.0 ,p}turb$ ,~ws"1 8#ah4j
a#ae       .n#a.7  #c4       #de
#ac4h_/#ad4f0  8'#ah4a  #ad4e_/
#ad4f0  8#ah4e  #ae4b_/#ad4f0
  weo.? %l,}8'0,semantic 
,simil>;y,0"1 8#j4ej  #j4fa_/
#j4ei0  8#j4dg  #j4ei_/#j4ei0  
8#j4de  #j4eg_/#j4eh0
  .o1eg ,m8'0,qu}y ,numb},0"1 
8#eg  #gj_/#hc0  8#eh  #gb_/#hg0
8#fj  #gh_/#hf0
  d}`%3 eg. `o1o8'0,av}age ,text
,l5g?,0"1 8#h  #aa_/#ab0  8#h
#aa_/#ab0  8#h  #aa_/#ab0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

    "8d+#f01 .?ir.? l"/"! 
ja,{bj3 `}mv `{"s0.o <30z `}m 
0,,b}t4w ,}c{7 ~o`+
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  `m~g"1 0,,mr4 )seuin180,af 
,a3uracy  ,p}turb$ ,~ws0  
0,,snli4 )seuin180,af ,a3uracy  
,p}turb$ ,~ws0
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  0,orig9al"1 8#aa4e  #af4g0  
8#d4j  #ah4e0
  0"6,adv4 ,tra9+"1 8#ah4g  
#ba4j0  8#h4c  #bj4a0
=777777777777777777777777777777=
-----------------------------#ag
  +f)ir 0,,ai4w ~1i1z .<*s;s"o 
~g>n,s ir`%eu .<*s ~n3;oef{w 
~1i1n wjr ;x.qiys v/{c 0,,ai4w 
`{b,xj3 ~1i1 ,xiu"u qjr" .<*sojr
~n3;oef{i!z <4,s c$cz euin1w 
,}c{7 j>7l7! ,i"<.b`o s":p.ocz 
l7jv7o iys/i4 o"sj3 l7jv7z 
.7`o$3 l+7 $c{7j3 ir`%euw 
~n3;oef{ inohs ,nh{"! ,m.obj1 ,m
o/!.on irj3 weg{"u os.:/{e:" 
j*.rw .<*s;s"o euin1o ,o1.n 
~n3;oef{n,s ~uocz ,}c{7e3f{5 
,o1,n`/n,s .u0z ,}c{7! ~uo1 ,m 
o/cz.on irj3 wegiu .o,xiycz 
l7jv7oi4 ,iuj3 j*.r .(.rjcz 
;y,qw euin18'0/ate-(-!->t,0i!z 
q$3o jcz _s;s"s5 %*j`u o1~3jviy3
weo ojrn ob$aj<: eg.n"! jr`|jcz 
_so <co"<" d+e*.?q h=`/.? 
drh)i!"ue3 eg.n"! jr`|j3icz 
.{7`si!o i,m ~1`*iy`u o/i4 o"sj3
,o$an ob$ajr,s 0,nie et ;al4
b#af       .n#a.7  #c4       #dg
8'#bjbj,0z ~n3;oef{w .o,x 
$c{7,}`v $7`),}! mrj3 ,r"ug 
.<*s;m"( inohs ,nh{"! .n,oj3 
_s{"u d}$iye:" jri7 inohs ,nh{cz
q$3 .m,?."! jv1+7j<: .?ir.? 
l"/"! `m;majcz _sn ;u.s5o ek;p.:
o/i4 .{a .asb."u j<:`{5 egeran 
ekcz $,t! ,r7,}jiu"x j`u" 
"<~n1`v i"z irib! crcu0iu"x 
euin1! ,xo58'0fool+,0{"u,,s 
,r"ug inohs ,nh{"! e3i{cz _so 
.m+j3 ex.?oi4 o"! h=jr euin1w 
;mr>a,}! ,`m.gjo ~1`*j`u" 
.o,x.?{"u jg"*j1 ,m o/`n iys/i4 
j3d* euin1! ,xo`o mrj3 weojv+7.?
;m"( `v3`/"ucz ,mv >7
8'0num}ical`&quant,0" .o,ov 
e};o7 8'0ref}5ce`&"ns,0" d+.g
8'0/&>d,0" sjmr8'0lexical,0"
,xo5,m8'0tricky,0" ;m"( eo2 
l,o18'0r1son+`&fact,0! 
l+7j<:/czin" o"sj3 ~7,oaz ~( 
`v.nn,siu .?`{a ~3}iys/i4



-----------------------------#ah
      .n#b.7 ,)jr7 i5jvw ;m;&
-----------------------------#ai
    #a4 ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;& irl7

  .?ir.? $,t! ,r7,}j`o mrj3 
.).n$ iycz ,8,)jr7 i5jv0'cz 
`ma"ob`masp3w ,qeg e1em7;o 
#bjban,s ;m;&j<:/i4 o ,qeg 
e1em7;ocz euim #gbi1bhj`)w `ol"!
duj5j`u o/{e: ;= #b4ie0,,gb4 
~g">7w inohsoi4 ,qeg e1em7;ow 
`m.ucz "8`{"o5#e01v $8i4

    "8`{"o5#e01 `ma"ob`masp3 
,qege1em7;o #bjbaw 0,,json4 `m.u
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  _7 81 "0 0,,json4
  7 0id3 8,,nirw#aijjjjjjja0
  _7 81 "0 0metadata4
  7 0title"1 8`ma"ob`masp3 ,qeg 
e7em7;o 0,,nirw#aijjjjjjja0
  7 0cr1tor"1 8`ma"ob`masp30
  7 04tributor"1 8`ma"ob`masp3
  7 0ye>3 8#bjai0
#ah        .n#b.7  #a4       #di
  7 0category"1 8,qeg 55 qhscn' 
`o~3 ,qeg0
  _7 82 ;0 0annotation.-level4
  7 #j"1 8p3,o0
  7 0sampl+"1 8~m~g ;m;&-
o5w;m;&0
  _7 82 ;0 0docu;t4
  _7 81 "0 #j 
  7 0id"1 8,,nirw#aijjjjjjja4a0
  _7 81 "0 0metadata
  7 0title"1 8ue<oc%,{ #bjji c* 
`ol0
  7 0au?or"1 8,)ir,oa0
  7 0publi%}"1 8ue<oc%,{0
  7 0date"1 8#bjjijaja0
  7 0topic"1 8ljy0
  7 0orig9al.-topic"1 8`}.n0
  _7 82 ;0 0p>agraph4
  _7 81 "0 #j
  7 0id3 8,,nirw#aijjjjjjja4a4a0
  7 0from"1 88irh="}" ,o.7 
~7ege3 j.o e1`u ,o1;)jri1"<00
  _7 81 "0 #a
  7 0id3 8,,nirw#aijjjjjjja4a4b0
  7 0from"1 8#bjjh c*w e.oea 
,r~:a" )"(w fen"<cz ,s& :wiu"! 
j>7jr/i4 ~7,=~sb i{7 .m+.r7.s5 
~sb<3o l7.}iy1 `majy ~(jyw.7! 
im`u :> wp3i!w .).r7! `oi"o`u 
o/s/i)
  _7 81 "0 #b
  7 0id3 8,,nirw#aijjjjjjja4a4c0
  7 0from"1 $8z ,o$a" `majy ~aa 
,nl7n,s ,seqi!z `}.n mr`ov 
$7;mmr ,xn,s l15w `ui3 j5`v 
.};on irj3 .te7$5n ek,) ;r 
dadaj3 l15! os$`u o/s/i4 oi!w 
ex,u"o"!
  _7 81 "0 #c
  7 0id3 8,,nirw#aijjjjjjja4a4d0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  ,)jr7 i5jvw ;m;& irl7o 
,qego"<cz i3o1j3 .7"{"u .nj3iys 
o/icz .s5z u1jr j5w ~g,?w .m7+j3
h{a.o7 .m7 jc<oi4 e).s ,qeg`olcz
egj}`v sjmr$ ~o`+.? .}j}jviys 
o/icz .s5! `u":j1 do1+$ o/i4 
,i"<,s ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;&! `%3j} 
o/`u ~gl3iy`n ,mjr7jr> je:" 
cr+7.?{"ucz h{a.} .obi3n irj3 
b#ai       .n#b.7  #a4       #ea
d*`*" %3"o.?{"u ~m.?.tj3 d+j* 
i{7o chc.o <30<> j3i4
-----------------------------#bj
  `ma"ob`masp3w ,qeg e1em7;o 
j},oaq 0,,json4z inohs cr+7`v 
`m.u"! j5,`n .s.7jcz d<o1 
j},oa{"u" 0,py?on4 i{7w 
d{"u`{"reo7 )s"u jri7 d<o1"u~mhs
inohs"! `m.u,$.o euim ~&"su`on 
+7oj`n iys o/i4 h{ajo ,qeg 
e1em7;ow 0,,json4z d<o1n irj3 
enhinohsv `oln irj3 enhinohs" au
`ol"! `m,}jcz egi3i!"u `m,}iys 
o/{e:" $a egi3`v `ol" eg,s i{7n 
0id4$ ~m:iys o/s ,)jr7 i5jv"! 
;m;&jcz `v.}n,s oi!! .?`{a 
;<5.uj<:/i4









    #b4 ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;& `o.g

  ,qeg e1em7;o"u~mhs ,)jr7 
i5jv"! ;m;&j`o mrjr,scz e:2 $.o 
`o.g`v p3;oao do1+ji4 <4n,siu 
.o.?j3 ~<v $8o ,qego"<cz i=o1j3 
.7"{ crn,s $`{b.? i<>7j3 egj}`v 
sjmr$ duj5iy3 ,)jr7 i5jv"! 
;m;&j`o mrjr,scz `%3j} .bjq 
hna,{h{ ,)~|o ,mjr7iys> j`o 
,iregoi4
  e).s ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;&z .i= o5w 
;m;&! p3;oa{"u j<:/i4
  oeo .)l3.?{"u ;s"oj`o ,mrg 
j}hr"u .n`=iy3 ,qeg e1em7;ow 
.7.s5! jv1+7jr i5jv ;m;&w .) 
`v.}! ,{f{"obh{"! h=jr .i= 
;m;&je:" i<>7j3 }:aw `ol eg.7! 
l1d:~ue*,s .asbj1 ,m o/iu"x 
o5w"u ;m;&j<:/i4
  i<{5{"u 80p>agraph0`>8=m0! 
.m7,o5{"u i5jv"! ;m;&j<:/i4 
`m7`{a.?{"u .asb.cz .n,oiy3 
,)jr7 i5jv"! ~u`u .?ir.? $,t 
eg.7! ,r7,}j<:> j`o ,iregn o 
a#bj       .n#b.7  #b4       #ec
eg.7 .}~u"! $.q 0p>agraph4 j7exw
0=m4! .m7,o5{"u j<: ;y,uj3w 
cr+7! ;m;&j<:/i4
-----------------------------#ba
  ,n ~),.r" 0id4"! duj5j<: 
;m;&jr,s ;m.?o $c{7jiu"x j<:/i4 
0id4 .}~ucz .asbn .oa.sb.?q 
.}~u"! .n`=j.o <30.oe3" .m7~x 
;m;& ~7.o eo2 ;mjm u"% ;m.? i{7w
o%"u `{ j++7o q.}iys" egi3 0id4 
.}~u"! j5,`n ;m;&jr cr~m.?{"u 
.s.7j<:/i4
  e.oea{"u enhinohs
8'0metadata,0"! duj5j<: 
;m;&j5{"u,,s i<>7j3 jv1+7o 
$c{7j`n j<:/i4 )"(l .}~u i{7! 
i5z enhinohscz 0id4v e;<3$.o"u 
.asbn .oa.sb.?q .}~u"! .n`=j.o 
<30{c" o"! ;m;&jr cr~m.?{"u 
.s.7jr ims ;<jm enhinohs cr+7! 
`o~3{"u j3 ,}`ve& jv1+78'.m.nn 
,i"z $,t eg.7 do1hs"o7 i{7,0! 
iueuj1 ,m o/i4



    #c4 ,)jr7 i5jv ;m;& `v.} eo2
`|`v

  o.n `m;n.?q i5jv ;m;& `v.}`v 
`|`v"! l1d:~u`o"u j3i4 ."+ ;m;& 
`v.}w `r">a.?q ,g,scz <"rv $8i"1
  82#a;0 0,,json4{"u `=%iy3 
e1em7;o inohs d,o7 eo2 h=jb
  82#b;0 $a e1em7;o d<o1n,s 
,80docu;t0'w j7ex ;m;&
  82#c;0 ,80docum5t`>p>agraph0' 
.m7n,s o5w ;m;&iy3 irl7n irjr"
  82#c-a;0 $8z ,80docu;t0' 
<3n,s" ;m;& irl7n ,)jr7jcz 
,80docum5t`>p>agraph0'$ o/cz.o 
jvaq
  82#c-b;0 ,)jr7 
,80docum5t`>p>agraph0'$ o/! `}m"
,80docum5t`>p>agraph`>id0'$ 
`o;m;& 0id4 ex"xn duj5iys/cz.o 
jvaq
  82#c-c;0 eoduj5iy3 `}m 
,80docum5t`>p>agraph`>id0'"! 
`o;m;& 0id4 ex"xn ;m$

a#ba       .n#b.7  #c4       #ee
-----------------------------#bb
  82#c-d;0 irl7 
,80docum5t`>p>agraph`>=m0'! 
i=o1j3 ,80docum5t`>p>agraph0' 
<3n,s ,)jr7jcz j7ex`v j5,`n 
,80docum5t`>metadata`>topic0'`v 
,80docum5t`>p>agraph`>=m0'! 
;m;&iy3 i5jv ex"xn ;m$
  82#d;0 ;m;&iy3 i5jv ex"xw 
,80docum5t`>p>agraph`>=m0' cr+7!
.asb.$ o1a`o ,mrg j}hr"u h=jb
  82#e;0 h=jbiy3 cr+7! 
,80docum5t`>metatdata`>=m0' 
.}~uv j5,`n prbl7w 0,my,,sql4 
inohs~no,{n sb"ui{
  82#f;0 sb"ui{ iy3 irl7n irjr 
prb `o~3 pf{~n3;o"! h=jr j5w l"/
,r7,} .asb .qjr7

  ie3" `o.( inohsw 
,80docum5t`>p>agraph0'cz eg,s 
.)~3n `t;: $a j7exw i3mr eo2 
`o1on ;<o$ o/s/i4 jri7 j7exw 
l7i7,m$ jc<w eg.7{"u ~u1 ,m o/cz
i3mr:/`on jri7 j7ex im `r"! 
~&"su5{"u,,s im eg.7 .}iu `o1ow 
inohs"! `m;maj1 ,m o/s/{c" `o1o$
csem `o1s.ocz _s! ~7.oj`o mrj<: 
o5w ;m;&iy3 irl7`v ,)jr7jcz 
irl7n irjr `o1ov eg.7 .=`| ~mju 
i{7! jv1+7j<: j%"o,{hoaj`n .asb 
eg.7 i3mr"! .nsj<:/`u" ojm 
.asb.<n`n .asb eg.7o u1~"{.o 
<30`n .ms.q `}m .asbj.o <30iu"x 
.o,oj<:/i4 oyniu 
,80docum5t`>p>agraph0'n `olw 
.nex eo2 jni{"<q i{7 *`|iycz 
eg.7o"<`u ~u`o s":g l"/$ o/cz 
`}m$ o/s/`on" .m"u .nex{"u 
`m,}iy3 ,80docum5t`>p>agraph0'w 
;s' j7exo ,o1.n eg.7n duj5iy.o 
<30iu"x .u.tj<:/`u" `|`vn 
irjr,siu mrv $8z j%"o,{hoa! h=jr
im `rw *,xiy3 eg.7{"u 
`m;maiyiu"x %iuj<:/i4

  o"sj3 `v.}! iu,oajvje* 
"8`{"o5#f01`v $8i4



a#bb       .n#b.7  #c4       #eg
-----------------------------#bc
    "8`{"o5#f01 ,)jr7 i5jvw ;m;&
`v.}
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  82,o.a;0
  ~3o
  82`ma"ob`masp3 ,qeg e1em7;o 
#bjba8'~s.) #a4j,00
  ~3o
63333333333333333333333333333334
    "8,nh{i7 #ij1jjj`) ;m;&01
  820docum5t`>p>agrapf4o5w 
qina,{ ;m;&8';y;u #b`r j7ex 
.ny,099;0
  ~3o
  82era"<a-0prev"1 jri7 qina,{w 
0docum5t`>p>agrapf`>.<,,=m1 
,,id.>docum5t`>metadata`>topic4 
;m;&;0
  ~3o
  82era"<a-0curr5t"1 o.) qina,{ 
j7~xw 0,,=m4 ;m;&;0
h333333333333333333333333333333j
  ~3o
  82,n~m`v.} #b--#d .qjr7;0
  ~3o
  82inohs `s5hu;0 3o inohs ;m$ 
jva~u do1+"1 820docum5t`>
p>agrapf4o5w qina,{ ;m;&8';y;u 
#b`r j7ex .ny,099;0
  ~3o inohs jva~u v3"+
  82.="+;0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  o"sj3 `v.}! `s;: euim #g`rw 
"<gi{"! ,mjr7j<: #fcj1jjj`)w 
,)jr7 i5jv jm~u"! ,}`=.?{"u 
;m;&j<:/i8'"<gi{~| #ij1jjj`),04 
;m;&j3 `|`ve&w ,r5d!z 
"8`{"o5#g01! ;<5.uj1 ,m o/i4

    "8`{"o5#g01 ,qeg{"u~mhs 
;m;&j3 ,)jr7 i5jv /,o
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjje4difeb4b  
.};o  iucti{ h{"s5d{ eo`ma 
irh="}o #do18'j*.o,o$3,0 ,r~:a 
~ra<a`v3n,s `q`{bjo $.q *,t! 
h=jr 8l,o1l7 m"o$ ,{7"o"! 
`sip/i0e: ,{7"o"! jva,qjr/i4
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjje4bdid4h  ljy 
a#bc       .n#b.7  #c4       #ei
eq$b"+7 `};<1;}.7o ,80n4~)~70' 
l`)! `/`o"u io.oht ,}~s5.y }l7 
.n.a.<v .u":a." $i5. .)p3n irj3 
;s~t w.o"! ~1ajq $gin io.oht 
,}~s5.y h{a~|
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjc4bgafg4b  
`}.n  eg.rq irh="}o :a.s5! im`u 
;m.q .m7q ,8j3`mad3 c%io10' 
.};ran `{5%7`p3iu j:b":ajri1"<cz
.}~mw +;}n ,qj3`{5%7`{"mbiu d1! 
`s9s~m8:/i4
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjc4hgbh4e  ljy 
~(.o ;mr.r"! .=jbje*" ir`s5z 
#aco1 0,a#d+7.o #aj:,.x ~g">7w 
w`*,sn,s ;meor ~sbem~m .7`v3o 
eo1s~m8q o~) .oa.n`rd*<3! .}e* 
~3~aj3 _s{"u <1":.:/
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjh4acaha4f  
.};o  eq.mi7z `maeqwjo5 ~&;<5 
,xn .oc3 #bdo1 |"q ~sblmr 
~sb<3,umrn,s .m7ir.rjr~sb<3n 
irj3 o1~m ,m.}o ~&$dojicz in 
w`*! eu</`u" .}~m$ o"!
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjje4eihia4c  ljy
,o7$du"{w ;s' .sb.= irl7."u 
,).}iy3 l"< "o58'#df,0 `ma"ob
.):5~} ,n3hs ,m,?$3julcz oc1 
jvo.-~<oun3hnf{w fu1uc#ai ~ra,q!
#cj:e}w ,n3hs.oap3i!`v
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjji4dacfj4d  
`}.n  .ro5 `o`v3n g+7 ,}`v$ 
c,~{.o <30icz _so $.7 fz o%i4 
`o`{5 g+7`v `v3"*jr h{a~|j3 
,o1;rao sb'cz 0,,cio4"! ,q.= 
fu"uc
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjg4ahga4f  
,r7jv1  ,8"mo ;ral7_/;ra.70'z 
,n1d{ qhn1"os h{"n3i{n ekcz 
,$1,`{5j`u ,n"*iy3 io.<qo 
h{a.o7oi4 ;ral7`v h1~m;<ao 
$c{7j3 ,{f{"q~ui{"! ,nh{"u 
`m,}jr fz `=
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjb4ejej4bj  
,r7jv1  on,i"< .u jy.7 ;{ao 
<4{"u `}}`p3 ~g.r7n,s `}}`p3! 
`/,x jr7ljr> j3icz e}~g ;{ae*n,s
mmr"! .s5j1 _so"<cz `v3;{aoi4 
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjb4bbeg4g  .};o
.} ;="ocz `=.oa.i!o o1jcz ~7,oa!
~,`p> j3i`u .megjr/i4 .} ;="ocz
88'`=.oa.i!o,0 oo1! s,is0`n 
c#bc       .n#b.7  #c4       #fa
,80,,no0'$"u j1,$"!
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjji4cbfai4c  */ 
u1 j~3`o ;s' ~7,= /.}q 0tv,n4 ,r
i{"<e ,8:,q$7"o50'z yeu 
fu5d!"na,{"! $.o`u o/i$ 
,8jv.70'! h=jr :,qo iy3 .m`}`v 
c5eu"! l7;s"! $3.oaj3 ,m
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjb4cjfdc4g  
`}.n  `=`{bz j3`mahu.o.mhra`=l
8'0,,lh,0c ,s&.mhraiu,o`=l
8'0,,sh,0 i{7 `=.? `o`v3o 
.miuj3i4 `o5j*eo .7`v3z #io1 
`majy /`|mrp3jyn,s 8.),n o5ircz 
oeo
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjji4bcfde4h  ljy
j3d*" n"{c3in,{ irh="}z .oc 
#abo1 eg.rq irh="}`vw 
.)jvh=jvn,s fu"uc#ai eo2 du,{h{ 
fu"uc ,oirn,s >7`maw j:b":a ~7<3
i{7n c(wj3 ~ o/i4
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjg4cicc4e  ljy 
<1ein3io.<q"o,s;o f),tho7 
:a">7`v `}`oj:a,q,n3hs ;<7sb.op3
qd{"<"! `|jb" <oios `r~1" 
~o.{co,{ euin1 ,m"ob" "q 
,{hh{sb{"u os.ocz jb.a euin1
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjh4abf4aj  
,r7jv1  h{ajo .<%1;<w `}m 
eo"rj}.<%1.mjr7;< *`m`r~1
8'0,r`&,d,0 `o~3.u,} eo2 
~mdm5l3sb %a,}" .<%1;< ,o~s5gjr7
.o`m .o.}" .<%1;< ~mdm5d}$ 
q.{7,n3hs `m;ma i{7 #c`r
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjje4cfcf4g  
eo+7_/`)$7  h{ajo h1~m;<ao 
$c{7j3 ;nq jr3i!o j5,`n `m,}ivr 
"maw v3,}iu"! cu4:.mcz duqh{ 
<ohn5oi4 fr3io fno,{n,s }$5! ~9<
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjaf4hdd4aj  ljy
$.x`v i=`sqo o/cz `}m isma ,q`} 
,,s>j3i4 irjv i{7 .sb;x! j.o 
<30cz _so $.7 .u0{c ~&$doj`n 
.sb;xjr> j3ie* t`&! ekir.o
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjaj4cbdah4f  
ljy  ocz .oc3 #hp1 ,8#h"2ae 
.objy0' ,ir;s"s5 ir`%eu"u 
;<5$.i!o euocz .objycz j.o 
<30`n/icz o>`o"u" ;<">7 ,omrc 
#aq ,omrcz i7;u .g~oj3 ir"u 
.qjr7j1
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjaj4biiic4d  
e#bc       .n#b.7  #c4       #fc
.};o  i7.}o `|.}j3 #b;< .op3`{5w
.o`{b ~7,oan l,o1l7 ~3`o"! iz 
,n5oi4 o .ol$ ~ud* ~x.o"! c! 
.m.7j3 _s! $5<3jis"<iu i7w
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjaj4abai4e  ljy
`v7e},o~u`),ucz `v7e},o #ah`r i=
.):a! #c`r i=,,oa emaas #f`r 
.o:a{"u ccm`u .)eg ~7:asb;n"! 
h=jr ~7:a! j`u o/i4 .)eg 
~7:asb;ncz j%ir+7 ~gem
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjjd4faca4c  
,r7jv1  j*ir.i=;<cz #beo1
8',m,0~mhs .)`ma }sb.s5! h=jr 
l.)`/>an i!s$3 ,8u1 c% <~3hn0'w 
;s' c1 `/>air,m$ #a e3#eh ir"! 
`o"xjr/i`u ~1aj:/i4
  0,,nrw#bajjjjjjja4eebf4h  
eo+7_/`)$7  i{"<o~{ ,{"m 
,)~|.q"+,u"! o+7je* eg.qd+ 
.a,}~mhs wl.q"+" `s5;n ;r;mr,$.o
euiz _so ;<">7 <3n,s o"ms.o`o 
,iregn `s5l,o$3o #aqi7 .=.) #a
=777777777777777777777777777777=



-----------------------------#bd
      .n#c.7 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
,r7,}
-----------------------------#be
    #a4 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,}! 
mrj3 .)">a

  ,)jr7 i5jv$ .?.tjo ;m;&iys/ie*
`{i<{5 i3`/cz .?ir.? $,t eg.7! 
,r7,}jcz i3`/oi4 .?ir.? $,t 
eg.7z `s5,m. $3w `s5hu"! `s;: 
`m7`{a.?{"u )s euin1! ,xocz 
in8'0fool+,0 ,}`=jr> j`o ,iregn 
$,t eg.7! ,r7,}jcz i3`/cz 
.asb.<n`n e30z ~mi5! .& ,m o/i4 
,i"<,s .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,}! 
j+%1.?{"u .qjr7j1 ,m o/cz i<>7j3
;ra">a`v .asb jv3`}! e"*jr .mcz 
_so erm .m7+ji4 o lsbn,scz 0,nie
et ;al48'#bjbj,0n,s .n,oj3 
.?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,}! mrj3 
c("o.? `v3`/"! jj>7,oa{"u 
.?+7j<: $,t eg.7! i<>7j`n 
,r7,}j1 ,m o/iu"x .asb.i!! 
`+%aj<:/{e:" i=,on .asb.$ ,mrb`n
#bd        .n#c.7  #a4       #fe
l+7j1 ,m o/cz .asb+7 pf{~n3;o"! 
`r~1j<: jv1+7j<:/i4

  8'#a,0 ,m">7 >7jv d+j* 
0,num}ical `& ,quant4
  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #a"1 ,m'.<v 
`=`ojcz ,&s"! ~*jv3j<: 
,m'._/c1,._/*"}w jr,?! jv1+7j<: 
,xo`o8'0fool+,0
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 cn'd!"oa,{$ 
#aio18'j*.o,o$3,0 ~1d+j3 #a~g`o 
,o1.?~u`u,sn ,i"{e* .oc3 
#a--#cp1 cn'd!"oa,{ $ob.cz #bj 
e3e} $5,ujr/i
  82$,t;0 .oc3 #a--#cp1n 
cn'd!"oa,{n $obj3 l"<5z #bj 
e3e}oi4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 eu,g
8'0,3tradict,0
  82;m"(;0 j5w8'0,5tail;t,0

  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #b"1 egeran,s
.n,oiy3 .objb-~m~g.objb-:.objb 
$3w `v3`/"! jv1+7j<: ,xo`o


-----------------------------#bf
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 cn'd!"oa,{cz 
eo`ma`v frci<n,se3 #c;)e3 $`m$ 
`/.} `=%"! h=jr f(hn3;{n 
.sb`zjcz i{7 .) ,n`/.?{"u #a?o 
cs5cz $`m$ i"z %"+ jyp3w `/.}! 
`=%jcz _s{"u ;ml3j`u o/,{bcoi4
  82$,t;0 eo`ma`v frci"! .nyj3 
.) ,n`/n,scz #g;)e3 $`m$ `/.} 
`=%"! h=jr f(hn3;{n .sb`zj`u 
o/i4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 j5w8'0,5tail;t,0
  82;m"(;0 eu,g8'0,3tradict,0

  8'#b,0 .o,ov e};o7 0,ref};e `&
"ns4
  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #c"1 o1~3e}l 
jxz `u%e}lv l7ju;<5.ujcz ire}l"u
,m.}j<: ,xo`o
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 ix. :"s~g,`n,s 
)"(%3"ov )"(~sb.nw l7ju~u;m7,}`v
l7juix"ob,}n is e30z `v3,o5o 
o/{,oie* .s.$ o ;ra`v j5,`n ,.a!
o"mcz .s,&"u ~a}ln,s oeo 
,8)"(~sb.n"(0'! ;&$3jr" .).}d3
#bf        .n#c.7  #a4       #fg
8'.n#c d3_/#bjjg,0,$.o 
d:cr/{e{"u `{ ;ra! ;<5`uj<: o1as
.m,o`o"! ~mhai{"qi4 ;raw ~mdo"! 
.u`{5o"<iu .&o`o mrjr ;<5`uegj)z
;ud3n,s;s"s5 $a.m"u ir;nj<:/`u 
,8;<k<~u`o0' ~m~giu qe}w `}mcz 
y`maqiu ,8$ci0',g{"u ~r|j3 ;ud3!
`{ir"u ims/`u lj7w `}mn `r.}d3 
.asbw o1jv3{"u o1~me3 `u;:/i4
  82$,t;0 `{cz o ;ra`v j5,`n 
~a}lw ,8)"(~sb.n"(0'! `v`sn d: 
cr/i4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 j5w8'0,5tail;t,0
  82;m"(;0 .m7"ob8'0,neutral,0
-----------------------------#bg
  8'#c,0 d+.g.?q ~7~sb 0,/&>d4
  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #d"1 q`v.? 
c("o `v3`/"! o+7j<: ,xo`o
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 hra,o`oli!iu 
fu"uc :d"u ~ri1oc hra~r i{7{"u 
sb.=! .)jv3jr/i4 `{ `|`v hra,o 
,m$ irdx $5,ujr/i4
  82$,t;0 fu"uc :d o.)ncz ~ri1oc
hra~r i{7{"uw sb.= .)jv3o 
sb's/i4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 .m7"ob
8'0,neutral,0
  82;m"(;0 j5w8'0,5tail;t,0

  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #e"1 ~m.} 
`v3`/"! 0fool+4
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 `m"{5fdn egjal7
,ml7.ob! :aa{e:" c<w egja 
j*.m,u"! o1aczi4 ,ml7.obn ,o1"q 
#a~mcz l15w ~3`}n iz $,{5! &"q 
irl7! weojvj3 `!oi4 ;y`z 
,mdo1.)eg.ov ,qegn *.rj3 ,q.aoi4
  82$,t;0 `m"{5fdn egjal7 
,ml7.obz <.oa ,mdo1.)eg.oc 
,qegncz `=`riy.o <30z ,r"ug 
.adm5i!! :aaz _soi4 82j5w 
`v3`/;0 eu,g8'0,3tradict,0
  82;m"(;0 .m7"ob8'0,neutral,0

  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #f"1 ~o`+ 
`v3`/"! o+7j3 ,xo`o
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 as .t5zoi!z is 
c<z .oa.7! ;<kczi4 ac o_sz j5,`n
`{a~xjr> jcz i=,on ~9<i!:> j1 
j*,o1oi4 ljy.?{"u q.}~9cz .u0z 
.oa.7e3o ..($5! cu4ocz `o1o 
a#bg       .n#c.7  #a4       #fi
<coi4
-----------------------------#bh
  82$,t;0 +.{5 .t5zoi!z .,qw 
.oa.7! .1 ~9<i!o`u .u0z .oa.7{"u
,r7$aj3i4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 eu,g
8'0,3tradict,0
  82;m"(;0 .m7"ob8'0,neutral,0

  8'#d,0 sjmr.?q8'0,lexical,0 
~7~sb
  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #g"1 i=ws jxz
~3ws `v3`/ $3w sjmr"! ,m.}j<: 
0fool+4

  /,o #a4
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 p1,{h{"oh{.sct
8'0,,wsj,0cz #ago18'j*.o,o$3,0 
.oc3i1 eo c5~m `ma`}! h=jr 
ob`ma! ,oiuj3 oeq.,m$ #bb e3 
#acjc e}o"<`u ~uiujr/i4 ocz 
#bb c*e3n `},qiy3 ;yir;o `o"xoi4
  82$,t;0 eo c5~m `ma`}! h=jr 
ob`ma! v3"+j3 oeq.,m$ #bb e3 
#acjc e}oi4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 .m7"ob
8'0,neutral,0
  82;m"(;0 eu,g8'0,3tradict,0

  /,o #b4
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 ;< .o~m.7z 
`u":qi!w o10s~s"q egjvv )s"! 
iy;<k<.mcz _so .m7+ji`u 
$7.ujr/i4 j3`ma ljyn,s %7jvje: 
l1<$`o mrjr )sv egjvcz $.7 
do1+j3 ~m~go"<cz ,r7$an,si4 
`{"s`o mrjr,s `u":q egjvp3w 
:aj1o .m7+j.oe3" j*.r q;) 
`u":qegjvp3z ~|iuw `=$3 sb'o 
`+jy `)e&! ~o1": l+7j`u o/i
-----------------------------#bi
  82$,t;0 `u":qi!o j3`ma ljyn,s 
j5,`n l1<$`o mrjr,s m"o egjv"! 
ojrj`u j3`mas"! ~rmcz _sz erm 
.m7+ji4 82j5w `v3`/;0 
j5w8'0,5tail;t,0
  82;m"(;0 .m7"ob8'0,neutral,0

  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #h"1 ~xjb 
e}l`m ,x i3s"! ,m.}j<: ,xo`o
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 j<oh{.q"uw 
a#bh       .n#c.7  #a4       #ga
.oc3jr o1~( ,u.m ,m;&raz 
.{7$jr/i4 .ul `|`v" .)c*ir~o >a 
#bg0p .{7$j3 _s{"u ~1aj:.:/i4
  82$,t;0 j<oh{.q"uw .oc3jr o1~(
era.m ,m;&raz .)c*ir~o >a #bg0p 
$5,ujr/i4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 .m7"ob
8'0,neutral,0
  82;m"(;0 eu,g8'0,3tradict,0

  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #i"1 >asw 
`m,} +,u"! ~g"oj<: ,xo`o
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 .)eg$i!z 
0,,mz4,nir8'eo1"ncot 5
0,z4,nir,0$ .<%"ub`u `r~7iy3 
egjv"! ;m`mj3i`u ~g,?jr/i4 
is'~m8:" oi!n`n `}.oaiy3 `=emp3 
ljyw egjv$ `s~m$5! fo& ,m o/i`u 
.)jr/i4
  82$,t;0 0,z4 ,nir$ ;m`mjcz 
egjvcz eo1"ncot ,nir$ ;m`mjcz 
egjvv `{ ,}`:ao i"{i4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 eu,g
8'0,3tradict,0
  82;m"(;0 j5w8'0,5tail;t,0

-----------------------------#cj
  8'#e,0 ,xo5,m 0,tricky4
  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #aj"1 `meg 
~*jv3oc .r.}"|! h=j3 ,xo`o
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 `}c5iucz .oc3jr
#abp1 #co1~mhs #aio1,$.o 
jv.r<3.)i{7`{bo ckz #ch`r ,o.7! 
irl7{"u ,u~7,s i{7`v jbi={"u 
jv.rir{7 ,o1hr .s5`s5! ~tq ~ 
o/i4 iucz .i=jv.r,x~u`o i{7 
,u~7,o,t .ai=%em"2,u~7,o,t .m~* 
.?;oe& ~7;o"2,u~7h="u eojva~u 
i{7! .m7.s5 .s5`s5jr/i4
  82$,t;0 `}l7c5iucz .oc3jr *e1"
jv.r<3.)i{7`{b! `o.g{"u j<:" 
o1~m ,o.7w jv.rir{7 ,o1hr"! 
.s5`s5jr/i4 82j5w `v3`/;0 j5w
8'0,5tail;t,0
  82;m"(;0 .m7"ob8'0,neutral,0

  8'#f,0 ;m"(`v l,o1 0,r1son+ `&
,facts4
  7 $,t iu;& .)">a #aa"1 ,nl7w 
.o,oa eo2 l7,oa8'/"1 j3`maw o"{5
egjv,0"! l+7j<: ,xo`o
#cj        .n#c.7  #a4       #gc
  82,)jr7 i5jv;0 #bjbj c* ;ucz 
fu"uc %jr7o ~(`:ajvj`o 
.oa.)os/i4 i7,o .oa.7q o5eu0cm" 
eu5em`n #fd0kg4{"u .}l7 ;n.m7n 
,xjr/i4
  82$,t;0 .oa.7q o5eu ,,ow ;q$cz
o5,,o .ob<3oi4
  82j5w `v3`/;0 j5w8'0,5tail;t,0
  82;m"(;0 .m7"ob8'0,neutral,0

















-----------------------------#ca
    #b4 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ,r7,} 
`v.}

  <4 .tn,s .n<3j3 .?ir.? $,t 
eg.7! ,r7,}j`o mrj3 .)">az 0,nie
et al4"<#bjbj"> ,,anli4 *`mw 
0,bottom-up4 j}hr"! ~*+7j3 
_s{"u,s" 0,top-d{n4 j}hr"! ,i"z 
_soi4
  o"sj3 `s,o.?q .)">an ,i"< 
i<{5`v $8z ,n~m.?q .t;<"! `s;:,s
.?ir.? $,t eg.7w ,r7,} `v.}o 
.qjr7iy3i4
  8'#a,0 #f`rw ;m"( ~7,oan 
`z`sj3 .o;o5 ,m"ob8'.o;o5w ,n~m 
cr+7z "8~m"x01! ;<5.u,0
  8'#b,0 .asb. ,o1,{b `+%a
  8'#c,0 .o;o5n ,i"< .?ir.? $,t 
eg.7 ,r7,}
  8'#d,0 .asb. $3 `s5,m
  8'#e,0 .?ir.? l"/"! euin1n 
ob":aj<: ,xo`o8'0fool+,0 hn,{h{
8'.asb.$ ~m;<aj3 "<~n1`v euin1w 
/;{a$b'o ~&o1;ojcz `}m ,xo`on 
#ca        .n#c.7  #b4       #ge
,}`=j3 _so5,0

  ~( .asbncz euim #f`r.u
8'#cq,,oa `m,},0" #ah e}w *`mp3o
hmobiys/i4 i,mw .asb.$ ;<5:j1 
,~g <co"< ,o1.n $,t ,r7,}`v 
`v3"*j3 ,o1,{bo do1+j`o ,iregn 
.asb. ,o1,{b `+%a! ("<q_/
ud{"<q{"u ;t.sj`n ,mjr7j<:/i4 
h{ajo r,,s ,r7,}j3 .?ir.? $,t 
eg.7o euin1 ,xo`on ,o1drj1 `}m$ 
.oc;o`n e30o c<u.o <30iu"x 
i<{5`v $8z lj7n %wjiu"x `+%a 
`v.}n .n,oj<:/i4

  7 $,t eg.7 ,r7,} ,o )s euin1! 
,xo`o mrjr %wj1 .s5
  8'#a,0 q`=.oc{7 euin1z eg.7! 
,)j}.?{"u q,oaj.o <30czi4
-----------------------------#cb
  3o .{a `o.( .}~u"! i3,gjo 
,g,se3 ~,`ms imr,?acz _se3{"ucz 
,xo`o8'0fool+,0n ,}`=j.o eu'j1 
$c{7,}o f{icz .s5n %wjr> j3i4
  8'#b,0 q`=.oc{7 euin1z h{a.}j3
o1~3l7,oao `|:iys o/i4
  3o c<o `/l3~sb" ju;o7~sb i{7`v
$8o ,nl7`v `v3"*j3 o1~3l7,oa! 
duj5jiu"x $,t! ,r7,}j1 `}m 
,xo`on ,}`=j1 $c{7,}o cu4<.qi4
  8'#c,0 q`=.oc{7 euin1z j3 eg.7
<3n im `gin ol7 ~*j}! $j1 `}m 
e}.n q,oan s":m5! `:aaczi4
  3o ~xjb e}l`mn duj5iy3 cr~m 
i3s"! ~,`gie* era"<a ,x ,s,&s 
i{7 i"z i3siu j5,`n ~,`ms> 
,xo`on ,}`=j1 $c{7,}ofs.qi4
  8'#d,0 q`=.oc{7 euin1z 
,r7">aiy3 e}l`mw ~xp3n s":m5! 
`:aa! ,m o/i4
  3o ,r7">aiysiu ~xp3 $c{7j3 
e}l`mw `}m" $,tn,s o"! 
,r7">ajr,s .n,oje* ,xo`on ,}`=j1
$c{7,}o cu4<.qi4
  8'#e,0 q`=.oc{7 euin1z z%c 
jv3%"! ojrjcz inn s":m5! 
`:aaczi4
  3o era"<an,s e},o.?{"u .n,oiy3
cr+7! $,tn,s z%c jv3%"! h=jr 
.n,oje* ,xo`on ,}`=j1 $c{7,}o 
fs.qi4
a#cb       .n#c.7  #b4       #gg
  .o;o5 `+%a`v j3d*{"u i,mw 
.asb.$ j+%1.?{"u $,t eg.7! 
,r7,}j`o mrjr,scz `=i= .asb! 
mrj3 pf{~n3;o8'.asb iu`m,0$ 
do1+ji4 ~( lsbn,scz lsb ,mjr7 
;u`o~mhs pf{~n3;o `r~1! l7i7,m 
v3"+jr ims/{e:" .asb.<w `s5.{7`v
doi{~ra! `s;: ,o1.n .asbn 
jv1+7j`o mrj3 .asb iu`m"! `r~1" 
jv1+7j<:/i4 ~( .asb! mrjr 
jv1+7j3 .asb+7 pf{~n3;o"! ~uoe* 
"8`{"o5#h01`v $8i4
-----------------------------#cc
    "8`{"o5#h01 .asb."! mrj3 
j5w~g,? e1em7;o .asb+7 pf{~n3;o
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  0,,scr"1 
0,,nlrw#bajjjjjjja4bddc4d82ljy;0
  0,,idx"1 #hejbe
  0,,procress"1 #bf_/#ejjj
8'0,f-#c,0
  .asb"1 <3,}j*
  ,o$ jva~uj3 ,s& l"<7.no1`+jy 
`+q #ab e} .m7 #a e} :a,o jr7~7o
d<<aiy.o <30cz l7jv7oi4
  `v7jveg .objy ;<5,?. .m7 
;s{5{"u jva.qd3.}! ~9z ;g;) 
#af~),.r jva.q.<w `}m #bi e}n 
i1jcz eo1.sb.sb;x.$ ~1,r7" ,ocz 
;<5,?.i!! .n,ir ;<k.o eu'je* 
fu"uc#ai ~<o"s,{$ `{b,xiu"u 
.)diy1 ,m o/i`u ~u`u o/i4
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
    $,t
  7 ~m.?.t
  eg.7"1 jva.q.<n irj3 `v3"o$ 
.nir"u o"ms.o.o eu'je* fu"uc#ai
~<o"s,{$ `{b,xiu"u .)diy1 ,m 
o/i4
  ;m"( ~7,oa"1 
8' ,00,num}ical`&,quant4 
"< ">,ref}5ce`&,"ns "< ">,/&>d
"< ">,lexical "<,v">,tricky 
"<,v">,r1son+`&,facts4
  `v3`/"1 8'0,v,0j5w8'#ed4dg0p,0
8' ,0.m7"ob8'#cj4jg0p,0 
8' ,0eu,g8'#ae4df0p,0
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
    ,te}"1
  jva.q."! h=jr ,me30z 
eo1.sb.sb;x.$ ~1,r7j1 mrjs5,}n 
b#cc       .n#c.7  #b4       #gi
irjr e1j`u o/{e{"u jva.q.<n irj3
`v3"o$ .nir"u o"ms.o.o eu'je* 
~<o"s,{$ `{b,xiu"u .)diy1 
$c{7,}o o/i`u ;m;{aj1 ,m o/i4
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
    eneu"1 82 ;0
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  82.s.7;0
  82o.) eg.7;0 82i<{5 eg.7;0
  82 ;0"u 82oi=;0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  "8`{"o5#h01w pf{~n3;ocz .asbw 
j+%1! mrjr $,t i3`/n,s
,8~m.?.t0'! ,)hraj1 ,m o/`n jcz 
i{7 .asb.<w d*w"! ;yirj3 ~r":j<:
,t`/iys/i4
  `|`v.?{"u #ec1bad`rw .?ir.? 
$,t eg.7! ,r7,}j<:/i4







-----------------------------#cd
    #c4 .asb. $3 `s5,m

  ,r7,}j3 .?ir.? l"/cz 
"8d+#g01`v $8o ,)jr7 i5jv" $,t" 
,r7,}iy3 $,tn irjr p3 .asb.$ 
~m;<aj3 "<~n1" "<~n1 ~m;<an irj3
p3 .asb.<w ,te}" $,t ,r7,} ,o 
l+7iy3 ;m"( ~7,oan irj3 .m,?
8'0annota;n,0" p3 .asb. yn h
.asb. #bqw $,tn irj3 d3i38'#a" 
#b,0" au jri7 $,tn irj3 euin1w 
/;{a$b'{"u `m,}iy3i4

    "8d+#g01 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 
,r7,} /
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  ,)jr7 i5jv"1 `ma"ob`}.m
~ae&`v3z #aiha c* ,o1,oj3 
`{5;?"o `u~g #ah`o ~1`&.ul 
`|`v"! ;y`z #dj c* e3n ~u`u,s
8',8`}.m `{5;?"o ,q"<e+0',0"u 
d:cr/i4
  $,t"1 `ma"ob`}.m~ae&`v3o #aiha
c* ,o1,oj3 `{5;?"o `u~g #ah`o 
#cd        .n#c.7  #c4       #ha
~1`&.ul `|`v"! #bjbj c*irn v,s 
~u`u,s"u d:cr/i4
  "<~n1"1 0,e4
  ,te}"1 .ms.q egeran,s `z #dj 
c*o .oc/i`u jr/{e{"u #bjbj c*irn
d:cr/{5! ;m"(j1 ,m o/i4
  .m,?"1 0,num}ical `& ,quant1 
,r1son9 `& ,facts4
  #a"1 0,e4
  #b"1 0,e4
  euin1 /;{a"1 0,c4
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  "8d+#g01n,s $,tn irj3 d3i3z 
,8.m,?0'n d+,oiys o/czin8'#a" 
#b,0 o_so ;y;u .asb.<w ;m"(n 
irj3 i"z .asb. #bqw d3.} `|`v"! 
d+,oj3 _soi4 .{a "8d+#g01n 
,i"{e* ,8"<~n10'w 0,e4cz ;y;u 
.asb.$ ,8j5w0'"u `|.}j<:/{5! 
d+,oj3 _so`u" ,8.m,? #a" #b0'cz 
i"z .asb. #bqiu ;y;u .asb.<v $8o
,8j5w0'8'0,e,0"u d3.}j<:/{5! 
chcr3i4 `|`ma ;y;u .asb.<v i"z 
.asb.8'.{a `s5,m.,0 #bqw `|.}o 
euim o1;oje{"u oi!z `{i<{5 i3`/q
euin1 ,xo`o `v.}{"u cs5s$1 ,m 
o/i4
-----------------------------#ce
  .asb. $3 `s5,m .qjr7 `v.}! 
iu,oajvjr,s ~uoe* "8`{"o5#i01v 
$8i4

    "8`{"o5#i01 .asb. $3 `s5,m 
.qjr7 `v.}
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  #cq #a.u"u `m,}iy3 .asb.ho5 3o
$,t ,r7,}8'#aq,0 3o 82$,t `s5,m
8'#bq,0 3o #1 h=`v"1 `s5,m. #bq 
euim o1;o 3o #2 ,o1dr"1 `s5,m. 
$3 ~&o1;o;0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  o"sj3 `v.}! h=jr ;y;u .asb.$ 
,r7,}j3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7 ;= 
#ec1bad`r $gin `s5,m. $3 `s5,m"!
`s;q ;y.= $,t eg.7w ,mcz 
#ch1jah`r"u .ob`/iys/i4 
`s5,m.i!w `s5,m"! `s;ocz `v.}n,s
#ae1aif`rw eg.7o ~r.niys/czin 
ocz .);n $,t eg.7w #bh0p n 
b#cd       .n#c.7  #c4       #hc
jri7jcz ,m;o"u" ocz q$3w ;m"(iu 
`oir~ui ,s"u l7ojicz .s5! .1 
~u:.mcz `|`v"u ~uqi4























-----------------------------#cf
      .n#d.7 )s euin1 ,xo`o 
,o1js5
-----------------------------#cg
    #a4 )s euin1 ,xo`o ,o1js5 
,t`/

  ~( lsbn,scz .<*s ojr"! mrj3 
$7`)j3 )sinohs `m;ma! mrjr im 
$.o )seuin1! irl7{"u j<: ,xo`o
8'0fool+,0 ,o1js5! ,mjr7j<:/i4 
.{a )s euin1o .}jvaj`n /;{aj.o 
eu'jcz ,8.?ir.?0' inohs"! 
`m;maj`o mrjr $,t eg.7! 
,r7,}j`u" `s5,m. $3w `s5,m"! 
h=`vj3 eg.7i!n irjr,s ,8,xo`o0' 
,o1js5! ,o1,oj<:/i4 `vsbw 
;u~3ncz jc<w euin1e3! irl7{"u 
,o1js5.?{"u euin1 ,xo`o ,o1js5! 
.qjr7ji$ ;y.=.?{"ucz i<{5`v $8o 
im .="%w )s euin1! jv1+7j<: 
,xo`o ,o1js5! .qjr7j<:/i8'0,p>k 
et ;al41 #bjba2 ,lee et ;al41 
#bjbj,04

#cf        .n#d.7  #a4       #he
    "8d+#h01 ,xo`o ,o1js5n 
jv1+7iy3 )seuin1`v d"<eohs f{`o
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  euin1e}"1 d"<eohs f{`o
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base"1 
#aaj0,m4
  0,,krb}t"1 #ii0,m4
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  .{a" im $.o euin1! jv1+7j<: $a
euin1o $,t`v `v3"*j<: ;m"(j3 
"<~n1`v .asb.i!o ;m"(j3 euin1o 
o1;ojcz.o"! ~o`+j<:/{e:" o,ir im
"<~n1o o1;oj.o <30! `}m ,xo`o
8'0fool+,0n ,}`=j3 _s{"u" im 
"<~n1o o1;oj1 `}m ,xo`on ,o1drj3
_s{"u d3.}iy3i4
  ;y.=.?{"ucz i<{5 "8d+#i01v $8o
im euin1n irjr euim ,xo`on 
,}`=j3 `}mn j3jr euin1 ,xo`o 
,o1js5n h=`vj3 _s{"u 
$3.mj5{"u,,s erm $7`)j3 .?ir.? 
$,t! jva~uj1 ,m o/iu"x j<:/i4


-----------------------------#ch
    "8d+#i01 .asb. "<~n1`v )s 
euin1 /;{a "<~n1w ,xo`o ,o1js5 
d3.}
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  .asb. "<~n1  0,,klue-
,ro,,b}t,'a4 /;{a "<~n1 
0,,krb}t4 "<~n1  ,xo`o ,}`= :~m
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w  eu,g  j5w  ,o1dr
  j5w  j5w  eu,g  ,o1dr
  j5w  eu,g  eu,g  ,}`=
=777777777777777777777777777777=












#ch        .n#d.7  #a4       #hg
    #b4 )s euin1 ,xo`o ,o1js5 
`|`v

  )s euin1n irj3 ,xo`o ,o1js5z 
euim #g;<"/w "<gi{~|"u 
,mjr7iys/i4 $a "<gi{~| ,mjr7 
`|`v"! .n,oje* i<{5`v $8i
8'"8d+#aj01--"8d+#ag01,04 $a 
"<gi{~| ,mjr7 `|`vw `}m" 
0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base4e3! 
jv1+7j<: 0fool+4! .qjr7j<:/i4

  7 #a"<gi{ ;= #i1cif eg.7 ,r7,}
v3"+" `s5,m h=`v #e1iii eg.7

    "8d+#aj01 #a"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #c1jej  #b1cdf  #gjd  
#gf4ib0p
  eu,g"1 #a1hfi  #a1ehc  #bhf  
#hd4gj0p
  .m7"ob"1 #a1jhj  #baj  #hgj  
#ai4dd0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #e1iii  #d1aci  
#a1hfj  #fh4ii0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=
-----------------------------#ci
  7 #b"<gi{ ;= #h1ddi eg.7 ,r7,}
v3"+" `s5,m h=`v #e1fda eg.7

    "8d+#aa01 #b"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #b1dai  #a1ijg  #eab  
#gh4hc0p
  eu,g"1 #a1ijc  #a1edh  #cee  
#ha4ce0p
  .m7"ob"1 #a1cai  #bhh  #a1jca 
#ba4hc0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #e1fda  #c1gdc  
b#ch       .n#d.7  #b4       #hi
#a1hih  #ff4ce0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  7 #c"<gi{ ;= #h1ece eg.7 ,r7,}
v3"+" `s5,m h=`v #f1jde eg.7

    "8d+#ab01 #c"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #b1ecg  #b1jbb  #eae  
#gi4gj0p
  eu,g"1 #b1jah  #a1fah  #djj  
#hj4ah0p
  .m7"ob"1 #a1dij  #bea  #a1bci 
#af4he0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #f1jde  #c1hia  
#b1aed  #fd4cg0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=
-----------------------------#dj
  7 #d"<gi{ ;= #h1egj eg.7 ,r7,}
v3"+" `s5,m h=`v #f1bei eg.7
    "8d+#ac01 #d"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #b1fgj  #b1bae  #dee  
#hb4if0p
  eu,g"1 #b1jfg  #a1feh  #dji  
#hj4ba0p
  .m7"ob"1 #a1ebb  #bgi  #a1bdc 
#ah4cc0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #f1bei  #d1aeb  
#b1ajg  #ff4cd0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  7 #e"<gi{ #e1igb eg.7 ,r7,} 
v3"+" `s5,m h=`v #d1edc eg.7

    "8d+#ad01 #e"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
a#dj       .n#d.7  #b4       #ia
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #a1ije  #a1eed  #cea 
#hb0p
  eu,g"1 #a1fgb  #a1cif  #bgf 
#hc0p
  .m7"ob"1 #iff  #aed #hab  
#af0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #d1edc  #c1ajd  
#a1dci #fh0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  7 #f"<gi{ #e1eid eg.7 ,r7,} 
v3"+" `s5,m h=`v #d1bhc eg.7

    "8d+#ae01 #f"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #a1hfe  #a1efd  #cja  
#hd0p
  eu,g"1 #a1eec  #a1bfa  #bib  
#ha0p
  .m7"ob"1 #hfe  #aad  #gea  
#ac0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #d1bhc  #b1ici  
#a1cdd  #fi0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=
-----------------------------#da
  7 #g"<gi{ #f1fih eg.7 ,r7,} 
v3"+" `s5,m h=`v eg.7 #e1bdh 
eg.7

    "8d+#af01 #g"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #b1bei  #a1hff  #cic  
#hc0p
  eu,g"1 #b1jbf  #a1fgb  #ced  
#hc0p
c#dj       .n#d.7  #b4       #ic
  .m7"ob"1 #ifc  #ahh  #gge  
#bj0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #e1bdh  #c1gbf  
#a1ebb  #ga0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  mrw #a--#g"<gi{"! `s;: ,mjr7j3
`|`v"! .=jbje* "8d+#ag01`v $8i4 
<4n,siu )`{bj3 ~<v $8o o `|`vcz 
jc<w )s euin1e3! l+7j<: d&"o7! 
,mjr7j3 _soi4

    "8d+#ag01 #a--#g"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #af1gje  #ac1dgd  #c1bca
#ha0p
  eu,g"1 #ac1ajh  #aj1gcf  
#b1cgb  #hb0p
  .m7"ob"1 #h1bje  #a1dhd  
#f1gba  #ah0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #ch1jah  #be1fid  
#ab1cbd  #fh0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  j3d* i<{5z weo `v3`/~| d&"o7n 
,}`=j3 /,ov ,o1drj3 /,ooi4

  8'#a,0 j5w
  7 82i5jv;0 ocz ljy.? `s"oim`o 
#b i3`/ l7j>7 `o.g.od+ .m7 jc<q 
,8o1o1 jva.q. ,m #ej--#ajj e}0'n
jri7j3i4 oi1 i!s `macr ,q`% 
jva.q. ,mcz #bj--#dj e}ir"! 
u"{cr":/.oe3 .oc3 #ajo1~mhscz 
#bh e} 3o #cd e} 3o #ed e} 3o 
#ef e} 3o #ajc e} i{7 $d"z 
.{7$,n"! chcr`u o/i4
-----------------------------#db
  82$,t;0 ;y`zw jva.q. ,m$ 
$d"{`n .{7$je*,s ljy.? `s"oim`o$
#b i3`/"u l7j>7iy1 $c{7,}o 
cu4<.:/i4
  82"<~n1;0 0,e4
  82,te};0 ljy.? `s"oim`o #b 
i3`/ l7j>7 `o.g.od+"! 
b#da       .n#d.7  #b4       #ie
;m7.xj<:/{e{"u #b i3`/"u 
l7j>7iy1 $c{7,}o cu4<.q _soi4
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d1 tricky4
  820,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base4 
/;{a "<~n1;0 0,n4
  820,,krb}t4 "<~n1;0 0,n4
  82,xo`o ,}`= :~m;0 ,}`=

  7 82i5jv;0 `|`ma .rd3~mcz #go1
.) exln irj3 ~u,?! ;mr,uj`u 
,s&`m;o,un .r,m$5jcz `|.}! 
cr":/i4 .rd3~mcz 8j}l,u,=~sb 
.n#ajb.u .n#b j7 .n#e ju 
,8~sbp3o .}j3 .u`)! mr~3j3 
,ir0'n jri7jcz l%$ o/i0e: 
8do`uqn irj3 ~u,?! ;mr,uj`u ~u,?
~u.{7`{5 .m7 #cjjj e3p3! 
eu1;mrj3i0`u ~1aj:/i4
  82$,t;0 .) exlcz #cjjj e3p3 
ol7w ~u,? ~u.{7`{5! cr/i4
  82"<~n1;0 0,e4
  82,te};0 ~u,? ~u.{7`{5 .m7 
#cjjj e3 p3! eu1;mrj3i`u 
j<:/{e{"u" .) exlcz `{ ol7w 
`{5ra! ~u,? ~u.{7`{5{"u cr3 .?o 
o/{5! ;m"(j1 ,m o/i4
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d1 tricky4
  820,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base4 
/;{a "<~n1;0 0,n4
  820,,krb}t4 "<~n1;0 0,e4
  82,xo`o ,}`= :~m;0 ,o1dr
-----------------------------#dc
  8'#b,0 .m7"ob
  7 82i5jv;0 ,m,oeu.ob p3,s 
.sb,m o1.}z .)`maw euiz .)egir$ 
i=o1j`n g}iy3i4 .)j}`o$3 cr 
e*.sb ,o1,o i{7w `ul o1.}z $a 
irjao .<%1.?{"u .}j`u irja $3 
~x,m.op3 eo2 obja .op3 jy',miu 
.nj3o sb'i4
  82$,t;0 ,m,oeu.ob p3,s .sb,m 
o1.}z .)`maw euiz irja`+n,s 
i=o1j`n g}iy3i4
  82"<~n1;0 0,n4
  82,te};0 ,m,oeu.ob p3,s .sb,m 
o1.}z .)`maw euiz .)egirn,s 
i=o1j`n g}iy.oe3 euiz 
irja`+n,siu `{").ocz <1 ,m 
sb'{e{"u .m7"obn jri7j3i4
  82;m"(;0 0,r1son+1 tricky4
  820,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base4 
b#db       .n#d.7  #b4       #ig
/;{a "<~n1;0 0,e4
  820,,krb}t4 "<~n1;0 0,e4
  82,xo`o ,}`= :~m;0 ,}`=

  7 82i5jv;0 m,) duj7,ocz .oc3jr
#abp1 duj7`v "s,o< 
~!"<io~u,{huf{"! u$cz `ma.n 
f{"m.{,) ,o~s5 gj7! ,}`=.?{"u 
e;:/i4 u1jrcz }o1e3j7! ;&~1j`sc 
`s;: $cz `ma.n f{"m.{"! #e;<"/ 
gj7j1 /.}oi4
  82$,t;0 }o1e3j7! ;&~1jcz `ma.n
f{"m.{ncz i,s' cu,)o o/i4
  82"<~n1;0 0,n4
  82,te};0 }o1e3j7! ;&~1jcz 
`ma.n f{"m.{ cu,)o e:2 `rq.ocz 
<1 ,m sb'{e{"u .m7"obn jri7j3i4
-----------------------------#dd
  82;m"(;0 0,r1son+1 /&>d4
  820,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base4 
/;{a "<~n1;0 0,e4
  820,,krb}t4 "<~n1;0 0,n4
  82,xo`o ,}`= :~m;0 ,o1dr

  8'#c,0 eu,g
  7 82i5jv;0 on ,mc{7 c3oiu 
.u.}n irj3 +`miu cu4<.ocz 
eu>7,ri4 .)`ma,oiu`+%a$5j:bwjycz
ucz #io1 ;m7c5n,s ;=jy"! |`u 
u1jr ,mc{7 c3oiu .u.} i{7 `u#c 
.rja,r7! ,o1.o1.?{"u .op3j1 ,m 
o/cz ~7<3n irjr c(wj1 /.}oi4
  82$,t;0 
.)`ma,oiu`+%a$5j:bwjycz u1jr 
,mc{7 c3oiu .u.} ~7<3! 
jva.}j<:/i4
  82"<~n1;0 0,c4
  82,te};0 .)`ma,oiu`+%a$5
j:bwjycz u1jr ,mc{7 c3oiu .u.} 
~7<3 i{7! c(wj1 /.}oe{"u" o"! 
jva.}j<:/icz _sz eu,gn jri7j3i4
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d1 tricky4
  820,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base4 
/;{a "<~n1;0 0,n4
  820,,krb}t4 "<~n1;0 0,n4
  82,xo`o ,}`= :~m;0 ,}`=

  7 82i5jv;0 ,s&w fu"uc#ai ,q`% 
jva.q.cz #aho1 j"m #ad e}o c!sc 
#aio1 #j,o `o.g cm.? #e1gjb 
e}{"u .ob`/ivr/i4 ,r"ug 
a#dd       .n#d.7  #b4       #ii
.obi3$5:5z sb's/`u" .qjr7 .m7q 
.obi3$5:5 l"/q iu~=`m ic~}p3 
`v3"* #b e}8'jv3. #b e},0" ,=d`m
.5)w"+`o eo2 $7c5`m fu1,n3hs 
`v3"* #b e}o c<v/i4
-----------------------------#de
  82$,t;0 iu~=`m ic~}p3n,scz 
.o`{5,$.o ;= #b e}w $5:5.$ 
c<v/i4
  82"<~n1;0 0,c4
  82,te};0 iu~=`m ic~}p3z 
.obi3$5:5o .qjr7.m7o"<`u 
j<:/{e{"u" ,q`% $5:5.<q #b e}~ui
e30z $5:5.$ c<v/! _so5! <1 ,m 
o/i4
  82;m"(;0 0,num}ical `& ,quant1
tricky1 r1son+4
  820,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base4 
/;{a "<~n1;0 0,n4
  820,,krb}t4 "<~n1;0 0,c4
  82,xo`o ,}`= :~m;0 ,o1dr

  ,iuj3 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a 
base4 euin1! irl7{"u jr/! ,ir 
s,i) $,t ,r7,} ~7,oa{"u e3i!s.q 
$,to d&"o7 ,}`= ~o%1o 
cu4</cz.oiu .}"ojr ~u</i4 
"8d+#ah01z `{ `|`v"! ~u:.m`u 
o/czin on ,i"{e* ,8,xo`o
8'0tricky,00' ~7,oa{"u ,r7,}iy3 
$,to d&"o7 ,}`="%1o $.7 cu4z 
_s{"u chc/i4

    "8d+#ah01 0,,klue-
,ro,,b}t,'a base4 euin1n,sw ;m"(
~7,oa~| d&"o7 ,}`= ~o%1
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  `m~g"1 0num4  ref}4  /d  
lexical  tricky  r1son4  `/
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  d&"o7 ,}`= ,m"1 #g1che  #c1dbj
#i1hhb  #h1bcd  #ad1ieb  #g1bde 
#bd1ccj
  d&"o7 ,}`= ~o%1"1 #cj4c0p  
#ad4a0p  #dj4f0p  #cc4h0p  
#fa4e0p  #bi4h0p  #ajj4j0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  j3d* inohs ,nh{w $7`),}! 
jva~uj`o mrjr `o.(w )s euin1
8'0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base,0n 
a#de       .n#d.7  #b4      #aja
jc<w )s euin18'0,,krb}t,0! 
;m$j<: d&"o7! ,mjr7j<:/i4 o"! 
h=jr .?ir,}w .}iu"! isma cu4o`n 
iy5{"u,,s `|`v.?{"u )s euin1w 
;m"( c{7":a j>7l7n `o:j1 ,m o/! 
_soi8'"8d+#ai01,04
-----------------------------#df
    "8d+#ai01 #a--#g"<gi{ .m7 
`s5,m"! h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,t eg.7w 
d&"o7 ,o1js5 `|`v
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  weo `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7 ,m  
d&"o7 ,}`=  d&"o7 ,o1dr  d&"o7 
,}`="%1
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  j5w"1 #af1gje  #aa1ieb  #d1gec
#ga4ee0p
  eu,g"1 #ac1ajh  #h1bge  #d1hcc
#fc4ac0p
  .m7"ob"1 #h1bje  #a1jgc  
#g1acb  #ac4jh0p
  ;=jb`/"1 #ch1jah  #ba1cjj  
#af1gah  #ef4jc0p
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  ;y.= inohsw `}m" #g"<gi{n `t;:
,r7,}iy3 .?ir.? $,t .m7 im $.o 
euin1 euim8'0,,krb}t1 ,,klue-
,ro,,b}t,'a base,0n irjr 
0fool+4n ,}`=j3 $,te3! ;mrjr/i4 
`{ `|`v ;= #ba1cjj`rw l"/$ 
.ob`/iys/i4
  .ob`/iy3 #ba1cjj`rw l"/ .m7 
$,t eg.7 .;nn .};o" ljy.?{"u 
%3"o.? eg.nw ,u.o$ o/`sc jxz uh 
eo2 u"%$ o/cz `}m jxz $,t eg.7w 
.).n eg.7n l7`on )`{biy3 eg.n$ 
o/cz `}m"! .nyjcz ljm .r`s5,m 
.asb! h=jr ;y.=.?{"u ;= 
#bj1jeb`rw l"/$ ,mjbiys/i4











a#df       .n#d.7  #b4      #ajc


























-----------------------------#dg
      .n#e.7 `s5.{7
-----------------------------#dh
    #a4 `s5.{7 .t;<v `|`v

  `ma"ob`masp3w #bjba c* ,qeg 
e1em7;o"u~mhs ,)jr7 i5jv"! 
;m;&j`u" o"! huir"u .?ir.? $,t! 
,r7,}j3 i<{5 .asb. $3 `s5,mv )s 
euin1 ,xo`o ,o1js5,$.o h=`vj3 
;y.=.?q .?ir.? $,t e1em7;o$ 
`m;maiys/i4 o"s0`n `m;maiy3 
.?ir.? $,t e1em7;ocz )s euin1w 
ja,{b inohs"u,sw $7`),}! %.oj1 
_s{"u `oiriys/{c ,o1.n"u sc{ 
.}iu `oirn ;m7.xiy1 ,m o/cz.on 
irjr .s5`s5j1 do1+$ o/i4 o 
.7n,scz ~( lsbn,s `m;maiy3 
.?ir.? $,t e1em7;on irj<: ;= 
#e`rw )s euin1! jv1+7j<: inohs 
,nh{w .?ir,}! `s5.{7jiu"x j<:/i4

  7 euin1"o7 `r+
  i<{5w "8d+#bj01z .?ir,} 
`s5.{7n jv1+7iy3 )s euin1`v 
#dg        .n#e.7  #a4      #aje
d"<eohs"! .}"oj3 _soi4

    "8d+#bj01 `s5.{7n jv1+7iy3 
)s euin1`v d"<eohs
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  euin1e}"1 d"<eohs f{`o
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a l>ge"1 
#ccg0,m4
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base"1 
#aaj0,m4
  0,ko,,electra-,base-v#c8'oj 
0,ko,,electra,0"1 #aab0,m4
  0,,krb}t"1 #ii0,m4
  0,,klue-,,b}t"1 #aaj0,m4
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  $,tw .?ir,} `s5.{7z i<{5`v $8z
`v.}{"u .qjr7iys/i4
-----------------------------#di
  e).s" `o.(w j3`mas 0,,nli4 
inohs ,nh{8'0,,klue-,,nli,0"! 
$.o`u eo,n.u.}iy3 euin1i!o 
.r`s5,m .asb! `s;o`o o.)w ;= 
#ba1cjj`)w 0,,anli4 inohs ,nh{n 
irjr sc{ .}iuw ,}c{7! ~uocz.o 
jvaqj<:/i4 im ~),.r"u" `o.( 
j3`mas 0,,nli4 inohs ,nh{"! 
$.o`u eo,n.u.}iy3 euin1i!`v 
0,,anli4"! $.o`u eo,n.u.}! 
.qjr7j3 euin1i!o 0,,anli4 inohs 
,nh{n ~uocz ,}c{7! ~o`+j<:/i4 
e.oea{"u" 0,,anli4"! $.o`u 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 euin1i!o `o.( 
j3`mas 0,,nli4 inohs ,nh{n 
s,isj3 ,}c{7! ~uocz.o d}$jiu"x 
j<:/i4

  7 ,o1js5 ~r`}`v `oir
  o~) .?ir.? j5w ~g,? inohs 
,nh{w `o~3o iy3 *`m8'0,nie et 
;al4" #bjai,0n,sv e;<3$.o"u" 
`m;maiy3 inohs ,nh{w dm5.o1! 
`s5.{7j`o mrj<: d}$ ,o1js5! 
.qjr7j<:/i4 o~) lsbw .m7+ i=`o 
.m7 jccz j*.r ~n3;oef{w `r~1 
,xiu$ )s euin1w `{b,xj3 ~1.) 
,xiu"! ,i"<.b.o eu'j`u o/icz 
_sos/i8'0,nie et ;al4" #bjbj,04 
.{a" o~) lsb! h=jr `m;maiy3 
0,,anli4$ .?.tj3 ~7,oa`v .t;<"! 
a#di       .n#e.7  #a4      #ajg
h=jr `m;maiy`u `s5,m$ 
o"ms.:/ie*" j*.r )s euin1`v 
<4{"u i{7.7j1 )s euin1w d}$$ 
$c{7jiu"x `o.( .<*s;m"( inohs 
,nh{n ~ojr `{ c3iu$ cu4<> j1 
_soi4
  ,iuj3" 0,,anli4cz .?ir.? 
~7~sb"(! jv1+7j<:/i4 .?ir.? 
l"/"<3" q`=.oc{7 euin1w >a.s5! 
`=">aj1 ,m o/cz l"/"! o1fs9cz 
_s{"u q`=.oc{7 )s euin1i!o 
~n3;oef{ inohs ,nh{n .(.rjcz 
h=`/.? d*j>7! ~m.?.tj`n 
ja,{bj`sc jv1+7jcz _s! ea! _soi4
o~) lsbn,scz `m;ma `v.}n,s 
inohsw .?ir,}! jvaqj`o mrjr 
euin1 ,xo`o ~7,oa! .?+7j3 ~ o/i4
e3>a" 0,,anli4 inohs ,nh{w 
`m;man o/s .?ir.? ~7~sb"(o 
.?.tj`n .?+7iys/ie*" inohs ,nh{w
.?ir.?q c3iuvcz ~|`r"u euin1 
,xo`on jv1+7iy3 euin1i!z h{ajo 
is ckz ,}c{7! ~u:.ms> j1 _soi4
-----------------------------#ej
  o im $.o `v3.s5n,s" e3>a 
0,,anli4$ .?.tj`n `m;maiys/ie* 
;s' ~),.r d}$n,s `o.( inohs 
,nh{"! h=jr eo,n.u.}o .qjr7iy3 
euin1i!z 0,,anli4n erm ckz 
,}c{7! ~u:> je: ,iuj3" euin1 
d&"o7n jv1+7iy3 0,,klue-
,ro,,b}t,'a base4v 0,,krb}t4cz 
0,,anli4n irjr i"z euin1~uiiu 
jp1,,q ,its.ocz ,}c{7! ~u:> j3i4

  7 j3`mas q`=.oc{7 euin1 `r~1nw
jv1+7 $c{7,},)jr7 *`mn,s euin1w 
ja,{bo .?ir.? l"/"! `o~3{"u j3 
~n3;oef{ inohs ,nh{"! h=jr 
o"ms.q `}m euin1w `*`u,}o 
j>7l7iy`u `vsb ,mjr7w ;{ae*n,siu
`r,)iy3 ,}c{7! ~u:.ms/i4 .{a" 
`o.( inohs ,nh{n ~ojr 
,8.?ir,}0'! jv1+7j3 0,,anli4 
inohs ,nh{$ j3`mas q`=.oc{7 
euin1w ,}c{7 `r~1n `o:j1 ,m o/! 
_s{"u `oiriy3i4 o"sj3 $c{7,}! 
o1~m jvaqj`o mrjr,scz" 0,,anli4 
inohs ,nh{"! h=jr eo,n.u.}! 
.qjr7j3 euin1i!o inohs ,nh{"! 
h=jr eo,n.u.}o .qjr7iy3 
a#ej       .n#e.7  #a4      #aji
euin1i!~ui `r,)iy3 ,}c{7! ~u:> 
j3i4 :`on isjr" 0,,anli4 inohs 
,nh{"! h=jr eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 
euin1i!o `o.( inohs ,nh{n 
irjr,siu `r,)iy3 ,}c{7! ~u:> j1 
_soi4

  7 eo.n.u.}8'0f9e-tun+,0 eo2 
d}$ inohs
  #e`rw euin1n irjr $a$a im 
.="%w inohs ,nh{"! jv1+7j<: 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j<:/i4 o .m7 j3 
inohs ,nh{cz `o.(n .?ir.? 
~7~sb"(! jv1+7j.o <30z ~7,oa{"u 
`m;maiy3 0,,klue-,,nli4 inohs 
,nh{" ces.o j3 inohscz o~) lsb! 
h=jr `m;maiy3 0,,anli4 inohs 
,nh{"! jv1+7j<:/i4
  0,,klue-,,nli4 inohs ,nh{
8'0,p>k et ;al4" #bjba,0 .m7" 
jg"* inohs #bd1iih`)`v `r~1
inohs ,nh{ #c1jjj`)! jv1+7j<: 
#e`r euin1n irj3 eo,n.u.}! 
.qjr7j<:/i4 0,,anli4inohsw `}m" 
,r7,} jm `s5,m"! h=`vj3 
#ch1jah`)w inohs .m7" 0,,klue-
,,nli4 inohs"! h=jr eo,n.u.}j3 
0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base4v 
0,,krb}t4"! ,xoczin euim ,}`=j3 
inohs #ba1cjjw inohs"! $.o`u 
,o1js5! .qjr7j<:/i4
-----------------------------#ea
  o,ir" .);n #ba1cjj`)w inohscz 
ja,{b" `s5.{7" ,ojs5! $a$a 
#h"1a"1aw ~o%1"u ccms 
jv1+7j<:/i4 .{a" ;y.= .?ir,} 
`s5.{7n,s #e`rw euin1! 
ja,{b,ofoczin l+7iy3 inohscz 
#ba1cjj`)w #hj0pn jri7jcz 
#ag1jdj`)oi4 oi! $a$aw ,n~m.?q 
cr+7z "8d+#ba01`v $8i4

    "8d+#ba01 #e`r euin1 ja,{bn 
jv1+7iy3 inohs ,n~m cr:a
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  `m~g"1 81_|0,tra9_|1 _|,dev_|1
_|,te/_|"0  p3eg inohs  eg;n
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  0,,klue-,,nli"1 #bdiih" 
#cjjj" #cjjj  c%,{" mrfodoio<"
"o~%  `ms" egs
c#ej       .n#e.7  #a4      #aaa
  0,,anli"1 #agjdj" #bacj" 
#bacj  c%,{  egs
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  7 d}$
  d}$ncz eo,n.u.} ,on jv1+7iy3 
im `rw inohs ,nh{n,s ;= ,n .="%w
j<mr inohs ,nh{"! ;m;&j<: 
jv1+7j<:/i4 e).s" ;s' ~),.r 
d}$n,scz 0,,klue-,,nli4"! h=jr 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 ;= #e`rw 
euin1i!n irjr 0,,anli4 inohs 
,nh{ .);nn irj3 ,}c{7! 
jvaqj<:/`u" im ~),.r d}$n,scz 
0,,klue-,,nli4"! h=jr eo,n.u.}! 
,mjr7j3 euin1`v 0,,anli4"! h=jr 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 ;= #aj`rw 
euin18'#e`rw euin1 99 #b`rw 
eo,n.u.} inohs ,nh{,0! 0,,anli4 
,ojs5 inohs ,nh{"! $.o`u 
d}$j<:/i4
  o,ir" ,}c{7 ~o`+n l+7iy3 
0,,anli4 ,ojs5 inohs ,nh{cz 
eo,n.u.} `v.}n,s .)j: l+7iy.o 
<30z ~|`rw inohs"u" 0,,anli4 
jg"* inohs"! $.o`u eo,n.u.}o 
.qjr7iy3 euin1 ,iuj3 0,,klue-
,,nli4"! $.o`u eo,n.u.}iy3 
euin1i!`v e;<3$.o"u ,ojs5 
inohs"! ;s{5 .sbjiu"x ,t`/j<:/i4
e.oea d}$n,scz 0,,anli4"! h=jr 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 ;= #e`rw 
euin1i!n irjr 0,,klue-,,nli4 
inohs ,nh{ .m7 jg"*" `s5.{7 
inohs ,nh{i!n irj3 ,}c{7! 
jvaqjcz `v.}! `s;:/i4
-----------------------------#eb
  7 ,o1js5 ~7~sb
  ,n .="%w d}$ euim $8z ~7,oa{"u
.qjr7iys/czin" $a$aw euin1i!o 
d}$ inohs ,nh{w "<~n1! s,i) 
,oa{"u /;{ajcz.o jvaqj<:/i4 o,ir
d}$ `o.g{"ucz im $.o ;?iu" 
.}jvaiu8'0a3uracy,0v 0,f#a 
.s5,m"! jv1+7j<:/i4
  .{a `o.( inohs ,nh{"! h=j3 
euin1 ,}c{7 d}$n,scz .}jvaiu"! 
jv1+7j<:/{e:8'0,p>k et ;al4" 
#bjba,0" :`on isjr im inohs 
,nh{n .(.rjcz "<~n1 $3 ~&`%3j}n 
ir{7j`o mrj<: 0,f#a .s5,m ,iuj3 
b#ea       .n#e.7  #a4      #aac
d}$ `o.g{"u jv1+7j<:/i4

  7 ,o1js5 `|`v
  e).s" 0,,anli4 inohs ,nh{n 
irjr `o.( j3`mas 0,,nli4 inohs 
,nh{8'0,,klue-,,nli,0"! $.o`u 
eo,n.u.}iy3 euin1i!o ~uocz 
,}c{7! jvaqj<:/{e: `{ `|`vcz 
"8d+#bb01v $8i4
-----------------------------#ec
    "8d+#bb01 `o.( j3`mas 
0,,nli4 inohs8'0,,klue-,,nli,0"u
eo,n .u.}iy3 euin1w ,}c{7
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  euin1"1 eo,n.u.} inohs  
0,,anli4 .);n80,f#a  .}jvaiu0
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a l>ge"1 
0,,klue-,,nli4  8#ad4aa  #ab4ga0
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base"1 
0,,klue-,,nli4  8#j4jj  #j4jj0
  0,ko,,electra-,base-v#c"1 
0,,klue-,,nli4  8#aa4cj  #aa4bd0
  0,,krb}t"1 0,,klue-,,nli4  
8#j4jj  #j4jj0
  0,,klue-,,b}t"1 0,,klue-,,nli4
8#aa4dj  #aj4hi0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  `s5.{7! .qjr7j3 `|`v" euin1w 
d"<eohs ,mc euin1w .="%v 
`v3`/sb'o `o.( j3`mas .<*s;m"( 
inohs"! h=jr eo,n.u.}o .qjr7iy3 
euin1i!w `}m 0,,anli4 inohsn 
irjr,scz ,}c{7o f{`n ,its.o`u 
o/{5! jvaqj<:/i4
  d"<eohs ,m$ #ccg1jjj`r"u o~) 
`s5.{7n l+7iy3 euin1 .m7 `{ 
`%eu$ $.7 fz 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a
l>ge4 euin1w .s5,m.u;< $a$a 
.}jvaiu #ab4ga" 0,f#a .s5,m 
#ad4aa"u erm ckz ,m.gw ,}c{7! 
~u:.ms/i4 ac $.7 fz euin1q e3f{5
i"z euin1~uicz l7ir.?{"u cu4z 
.s5,m"! ~u:.ms/i4
  ac 0,,anli4 `m;maw ,xo`o `v.}n
jv1+7iy3 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a 
base4v 0,,krb}t4w `}m" .}jvaiuv 
0,f#a.s5,m euimn,s #j.s5! 
~u:.ms/i4

a#ec       .n#e.7  #a4      #aae
  `{i<{5 `v.}{"u 0,,klue-,,nli4v
0,,anli4w jg"* inohs"! h=jr 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 euin1i!o $8z 
0,,anli4 ,ojs5 inohs ,nh{n irjr 
~uocz ,}c{7! ~o`+j<:/{e: `{ 
`|`vcz "8d+#bc01`v $8i4
-----------------------------#ed
    "8d+#bc01 0,,klue-,,nli4v 
0,,anli4w jg"* inohs"u eo,n.u.}!
.qjr7j3 euin1i!w ,}c{7
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  euin1"1 eo,n.u.} inohs  
0,,anli4 ,ojs580,f#a  .}jvaiu0
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a l>ge"1 
0,,klue-,,nli4  8#ae4gj  #ad4df0
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base"1 
0,,klue-,,nli4  8#j4jj  #j4jj0
  0,ko,,electra-,base-v#c"1 
0,,klue-,,nli4  8#aj4if  #aj4he0
  0,,krb}t"1 0,,klue-,,nli4  
8#j4jj  #j4jj0
  0,,klue-,,b}t"1 0,,klue-,,nli4
8#aa4ec  #aa4ac0
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a l>ge"1 
0,,anli4  8#fa4hc  #gc4ga0
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base"1 
0,,anli4  8#eb4hd  #fg4hi0
  0,ko,,electra-,base-v#c"1 
0,,anli4  8#eg4hc  #fh4hg0
  0,,krb}t"1 0,,anli4  8#ee4hi  
#fh4ca0
  0,,klue-,,b}t"1 0,,anli4  
8#eh4eh  #gj4bh0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  ,}c{7 d}$"! .qjr7j3 `|`v" 
0,,klue-,,nli4"! h=jr eo,n.u.}! 
.qjr7j3 euin1i!z 0,,anli4 jg"* 
inohs"! h=jr eo,n.u.}o .qjr7iy3 
euin1i!n ~ojr erm ,its.ocz 
,}c{7! ~u:/i4
  e).s 0,,klue-,,nli4"! h=jr 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 euin1w `}m" 
`m;ma `v.}w .?ir,} `s5.{7n 
l+7iy3 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a 
base4v 0,,krb}t4"! .nyje* 
o1~3.?{"u #aa.s5n,s #af.s5 low 
.s5,m ~gdu"! ~uo`u o/i4
  ~3e*" 0,,anli4 jg"* inohs"! 
h=jr eo,n.u.}o .qjr7iy3 
a#ed       .n#e.7  #a4      #aag
euin1i!z" 0,f#a .s5,m .m7 $.7 
ckz .s5,m$ #eb4hd" .}jvaiu .m7 
$.7 ckz .s5,m$ #fg4hio1 e3f{5 
`o.( inohs"! h=jr eo,n.u.}o 
.qjr7iy3 inohsi!n ~ojr p1i{7jo 
cu4z ,}c{7! ~u:.m`u o/i4
-----------------------------#ee
  ac 0,,anli4"! h=jr eo,n.u.}o 
.qjr7iy3 inohsi! ,iuj3 ,imrsc3 
,}c{7! ~u:.m`u o/.ocz eu'jr/i4 
`o.(n 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a l>ge1 
,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base" au 
0,,klue-,,b}t4cz 0,,klue-,,nli4 
inohs ,nh{n irjr,s .}jvaiu$ $a$a
#hi4ag" #hd4hc" #ha4fc{"u" euim 
#hj.s5o cs5cz ,}c{7! ~u:/i
8'0,p>k et ;al41 #bjba,04
  on ~ojr 0,,anli4 inohs ,nh{w 
`}m" .}jvaiuw ;y`u.s5o 0,,klue-
,ro,,b}t,'a l>ge4w #fc4ga.s5{"u 
#hj.s5! ;r cs5`o.o eu'j`u 
#gj.s5ir ;u~3n ese&"s o/s/{e:" 
i"z euin1i!z euim #gj.s5! 
cs5`o.o eu'jcz l7i7jo ckz .s5,m 
~gdu"! chcr/i4

  ;m$.?{"u" 0,,anli4"! h=jr 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 euin1! irl7{"u
0,,klue-,,nli4 inohsn irj3 ,}c{7
d}$"! .qjr7j<:/{e: `{ `|`vcz 
"8d+#bd01v $8i4

    "8d+#bd01 0,,anli4"u 
eo,n.u.}! .qjr7j3 euin1w ,}c{7 
d}$
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  euin1"1 eo,n.u.} inohs  
0,,klue-,,nli80,f#a  .}jvaiu0
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a l>ge"1 
0,,anli4  8#ad4hg  #ae4cc0
  0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a base"1 
0,,anli4  8#ad4ce  #ae4ia0
  0,ko,,electra-,base-v#c"1 
0,,anli4  8#ad4eg  #ad4ce0
  0,,krb}t"1 0,,anli4  8#ag4ac  
#ag4ee0
  0,,klue-,,b}t"1 0,,anli4  
8#af4fj  #af4dc0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

a#ee       .n#e.7  #a4      #aai
  on ,i"{e* 0,,anli4"u eo,n.u.}!
.qjr7j3 euin1i! ,iuj3 .)~3.?{"u 
#ad.s5n,s #ag.s5 low #aj.s5ir 
.m7~3w .s5,m l7ir.?{"u ,its.ocz 
,}c{7! ~u:/i4 `{.m7 $.7 .u0z 
,}c{7! ~u:.g euin1z 0,,krb}t4"u 
0,f#a .s5,mv .}jvaiu euim 
#ag.s5! cs5cz $.7 cu4z .s5,m"! 
~u:.ms/i4
-----------------------------#ef
  ac ocz i"z euin1i!w ,}c{7o 
;m7~gj.o eu'j`o ,ireg{"u" 
l7ir.?{"u cu4`n ;{a.}iy3 o"sj3 
,}c{7o %weoji`u ~u`ocz s":bi4 
e&"( 0,,klue-,,nli4"u eo,n.u.}! 
.qjr7j<: 0,,anli4 inohsn irj3 
,}c{7! jvaqjr/i) `|`v~uicz 
j>7l7iy3 `|`v"! ~u:.m`ocz j<:/i4








-----------------------------#eg
    #b4 ,o1js5 `|`vw jr,?

  ;s' ~),.r d}$v im ~),.r d}$n,s
euim" euin1w d"<eohs ,mc euin1w 
.="%v `v3`/sb'o" `o.( j3`mas 
.<*s;m"( inohs"! h=jr eo,n.u.}o 
.qjr7iy3 euin1i!w `}m 0,,anli4 
inohsn irjr `y7.7jo ,its.ocz 
,}c{7! ~u:.ms/i4 o"sj3 `|`vcz" 
0,,anli4 inohs ,nh{$ $.ocz cu4z 
c3iu"! ~u:.mcz _soe:" 0,,anli4 
`m;maw ex.? .m7 jc<q ,8u"r$cz0' 
inohs ,nh{$ iy`o mrj3 .m7+j3 +`)
.m7 jc<oi4
  .{a" ,o1js5 d}$ `|`v"! h=jr 
0,,anli4 lsbw $.7 .m7+j3 ex.? 
.m7 jc<q ,8`uc3iuw .<*s;m"( 
inohs ,nh{ `m;ma0'o ,}`=.?{"u 
o"ms.:/{5! jvaqj<:/i4

  7 0,,anli4 `m;ma ,o euin1 
jv1+7w .?.t,}
  0,,anli4 `m;ma ,o ,xo`o `v.}n 
jv1+7iy3 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a 
#eg        .n#e.7  #b4      #aba
base4v 0,,krb}t4w `}m" ;s' 
~),.rv im ~),.r d}$ euimn,s 
#j.s5w .}jvaiuv 0,f#a.s5,m"! 
~u:/i4 ocz 0,,anli4 inohs ,nh{ 
`m;ma `v.}n,s inohsw .?ir,} 
`s5.{7! j1 ,ir im euin1! ,xo1 ,m
o/cz.o :~m"u .qjr7jr/`o ,iregoi4
o"sj3 `|`vcz o~) `v.n$ ;<5`uj3 
,)jr7 *`m8'0,nie et ;al4" 
#bjai,0n,siu i=o1j`n ~1`*iy3 
_sos/i4 ,iuj3 im euin1w .}jvaiuv
0,f#a.s5,m$ euim #j.s5o c<( _sz"
`m;ma `v.}n,s im euin1n irj3 
.?ir,} `s5.{7o ;m7,o1j`n 
.qjr7iys/{e:" im euin1w >a.s5! 
;m7~gjo jv1+7jcz ~7j>7{"u 
0,,anli4$ `m;maiys/{5! .1 
~u:.mcz _soi4

  7 0,,anli4n irj3 euin1 ,}c{7w 
`}j>7
  ;s' ~),.rv im ~),.r d}$ 
eo,n.u.} inohsv d}$ inohsn 
l7`v3sb'o" euim d"<eohs f{`o$ 
$.7 fz 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a l>ge4
euin1o $.7 cu4z ,}c{7! ~u:.ms/i4
-----------------------------#eh
  ocz )s euin1 d}$w }:an,s 
o1~3.?{"u `oiriycz `|`voi4 
i=,on" euin1w .="%n l7`v3sb'o 
0,,anli4n irjr,scz .)~3.?{"u ckz
.s5,m"! ~u:/i4
  j3d* `s5.{7n l+7iy3 #e`rw 
euin1z f{`n 0,,b}t4 `o~3 euin1" 
0,,electra4 `o~3 euin1" 
0,,rob}ta4 `o~3 euin1"u ccms ~u1
,m o/i4 i<>7j3 .="%w euin1o 
`s5.{7n l+7iys/.oe3" `o.( inohs 
,nh{"! h=jr eo,n.u.}o o"ms.q `}m
`{ .="%n l7`v3sb'o .)~3.?{"u 
#ae.s5! cs5.o eu'jcz ckz ,}c{7! 
~u:.ms/i4
  .{a" `m;ma `v.}n,sw euin1 
,xo`o i3`/ncz 0,,klue-
,ro,,b}t,'a base4v 0,,krb}t4w im
euin1! jv1+7j<:/.oe3" o im 
euin1,~ge3 <co"< i<>7j3 
<fohna;sw euin1n irjr ,siu erm 
c3iu$ cu4z inohs"<cz _s! 
jvaqj<:/i4 .{a" o~) lsb! h=jr 
`m;maiy3 .?ir.? l"/ inohscz 
#eh        .n#e.7  #b4      #abc
i<>7j3 euin1i!w ,}c{7 d}$n 
jv1+7iy1 ,m o/cz $7`),}! $k;g 
inohs ,nh{"<cz _s! ,o1js5! h=jr 
;y.=.?{"u jvaqj<:/i4

  7 inohsw o1~3jv $c{7,}
  0,,anli4"u eo,n.u.}! j3 inohsv
0,,klue-,,nli4"u eo,n.u.}! 
.qjr7j3 euiz euin1n,s" $a$a .,qw
eo,n.u.} inohs ,nh{`v $8z 
~7,oa{"u `m;maiy3 ,ojs5 
inohsn,scz is c<z ,}c{7! ~uq 
~3e*" i"z ~7,oa{"u `m;maiy3 
inohs ,nh{w ,ojs5 inohscz erm 
~m.xj3 ,}c{7! ~u:.ms/i4 o"sj3 
`}j>7z" .<*s ;m"( inohsw o1~3jv 
$c{7,}`v *`v3o o/cz _s{"u jr,?j1
,m o/czin" on irjr,scz j>7jm 
*`m$ .o,xiy1 do1+$ o/! _soi4







-----------------------------#ei
    #c4 .egjyw"! h=j3 ;y.= `s5hu

  ~( lsbw `|`vq j5w ~g,? 
e1em7;ocz q`=.oc{7! ~o"u'j<: 
i<>7j3 }:an,s `o;u .<p3{"u 
jv1+7iy1 ,m o/`o ,iregn `m;maiy3
e1em7;ow ~7j>7,}" jva.7 eo2 
jv1+7 $c{7,} i{7n irj3 y~m 
.)eg$i!w .eg! `mjcz `v.}o 
do1+ji4 ~( lsbn,scz ja`/v 
l3sb`/n,s v7,}j`n jv1i=j`u o/cz 
#e e}w .egmrp3i3! `ma"ob`masp3`v
j5,`n `m,}j`u #ajp1`v #abp1" im 
;<"/n `t;: .egjyw"! 
,o1,oj5{"u,,s e1em7;ow ,q"y,}`v 
.}jva,}" ~s5+7,} i{7! `r,)j`u. 
j<:/i4 #ajp1n |"q .egjywcz ("<q 
jyw"u" #abp1w .egjywcz ,se* .ul 
j},oa{"u `r;yiys/i4

  _7 #a;< .egjyw8'#bjbc c* #ajp1
#eo1" ("<q jyw"u .qjr7,0
  7 .m+ .eg cr+7
  - .asbw ;m"( ~7,oa`v `v3"*j3 
#ei        .n#e.7  #c4      #abe
`%3j},} eg.n8'#f`rw ;m"( ~7,oan 
,i"z `m;ma">7w ~o%1z s,is0`n 
`m,}j`u o/c{c>cz .egi3w w`*,0
  - ,8,te}0' ~m~gn irj3 .a,}! 
.u5 is .}`+jvj1 do1+$ o/icz 
.egi3w .u)
  - euin1w ,xo`o8'0fool+,0n o/s 
ir`%eu )s euin1! irl7{"u 
,mjr7j<:/cz.on irj3 .o.?8'ir`%eu
)s euin1o duj5iys o/s> j3i`u 
.u)jr .ms/{e:" lsbi3n,scz o"! 
jvaqj<:/{5,0
  - ,xo`ow ,}`= ~o%1`v on ,i"z 
.asb">7 `/l3! .?.tjo :5imn im`u 
o/cz.on irj3 jvaq .u)
  - ,)jr7 i5jv$ euim ,qeg `ol"u 
j3.}iys o/icz _sn irj3 eg.n"! 
`u":j`u o/s> j3icz .u)" au 
,na,*~|"u s,is0`n ,)jr7 i5jv"! 
`m,}j<:/cz.oiu `u":jr> j3i`u 
.o.?j54
  - .)~3.?q lsbw ~7j>7,}`v `|`vn
irjr,scz euim `{7.}.?q ~3{7



-----------------------------#fj
  _7 #b;< .egjyw8'#bjbc c* 
#abp1" ,se*.ul j},oa{"u .qjr7,0
  - #a;< .egjywn,s erm l7,nj`n 
w`*! `=%j<:/`u" lsbi3n,siu 
.egmrp3i3w .u)! .?`{a ,m+7j<: 
lsb! .qjr7j3 `|`v #b;< .egjywcz 
,se* j},oa{"u $3">ajo 
.qjr7j<:/{54
  - #a;< .egjywn,s jx,o cm"<aiy3
~m~g" ;m$.?q w`*" ;y.= `|`ve&q 
0,,json4 j},oa i{7n irjr .eg! 
+;}j<:/{e: on irjr .egmrp3i3z 
lsb `|`ve&n irjr cu4z `oir$5! 
$.o`u o/{e:" ;y.= `|`ve&n j},oa 
u"%$ sb'iu"x %wjr .& _s! 
i7~mj<:/{54 <&"s ,)jr7 i5jvw 
`o1o$ i,u `o1icz w`*iu o/s/czin"
ocz ,)jr7 i5jv$ csem `o1 `}m 
;m"(n ~m.}.?q }j>7! .& ,m o/`o 
,irego"<`u j54 j3d* ;y.= `=`r 
d<o1 j},oa! 0,,json4,~g <co"< 
0csv4 i{7w j},oaiu .n`=jr .mcz 
_so i<>7j3 ~g>w *`m.i!o jv1+7j`o
.u0! _so"<cz w`*iu c<v/{54
#fj        .n#e.7  #c4      #abg


























-----------------------------#fa
      .n#f.7 `|"(
-----------------------------#fb
  .o`{5,$.o ,s,&iy3 cr+7! 
$3">ajo +>aj`u" j>7jm `v.n"! 
.n)jcz _s{"u `|"(! l5`u. j3i4

    #a4 +>a

  ~( lsbz j3`mas q`=.oc{7w `vsb 
,mjr7 c{7":a o1~3`v cu4z 
l7`v3`v3`/"! $k`u o/cz )s ;m"(q 
,8j5w ~g,?0'! mrjr ,qeg 
hna,{h{"u~mhs ,)jr7 i5jv"! 
;m;&j`u" o"! `o~3{"u .?ir.? 
l"/"! ,r7,}j<: q`=.oc{7 d}$+7 
~n3;oef{"u $`=j5{"u,,s .<*s ojr 
~n3;oef{w ;mr>a,} eg.n"! ~uv3j`o
mrj3 ~7<3! e"*jcz in ex.?o o/i4
  o"! mrjr #bjba c* `ma"ob`masp3
,qeg e1em7;o"u~mhs #g;<"/w 
"<gi{"! h=jr euim #fcj1jjj`)w 
,)jr7 i5jv"! ;m;&j`u o"! irl7{"u
.?ir.? $,t! ,r7,}j<:/i4 .?ir.? 
$,t eg.7! ,r7,}j`o mrjr,scz 
#fa        .n#f.7  #a4      #abi
,)jr7 *`mi!! ;<5.uj<: #f$.ow $,t
,r7,} .)">a! `o~3{"u j3 `m;ma 
.o;o5! ,m"obj<: .?+7j<:/`u" 
.asbw j+%1,}! ;yirj3{"u cu4o`o 
mrjr,s .asb+7 ~n3;oef{"! `r~1" 
jv1+7j<:/i4 o"! h=jr euim 
#ec1bad`rw .?ir.? $,t! ,r7,}
j<:/i4 j3d* ,r7,}iy3 .?ir.? $,tz
;m"( d3i3w .}jva,}! mrjr #b e}w 
.asb.<w `s5,m"! `s;oiu"x j<:/i4 
`|`v.?{"u #cqw .asb.$ ;m"( d3.}n
i=wj3 eg.7e3o i<{5 i3`/n .qobj1 
,m o/`n iys/i4 o"s0`n .asb. $3 
`s5,m,$.o h=`vj3 .?ir.? $,tz 
euim #ch1jah`rn jri7j<:/i4
  .?ir.? $,t inohs ,nh{$ 
q`=.oc{7 )s euin1w $7`),}! 
jva~ujcz in %j+j3 _sq.o"! 
d3i3j`o mrjr )s euin1w ,xo`o
8'0fool+,0 ,o1js5! ,mjr7j<:/i4 
;y.=.?{"u 0,,klue-,ro,,b}t,'a 
base4v 0,,krb}t4 im `rw )s 
euin1n irj3 ,xo`o ,o1js5! h=`vj3
.?ir.? $,te3{"u inohs ,nh{"! 
`m,}j<:/i4o inohs ,nh{cz euim 
#ba1cjj`rw eg.7{"u `m,}iys/i4 
e.oea{"u #e`rw )s euin1! 
jv1+7j<: ~( lsb! h=jr `m;maiy3 
inohs ,nh{$ ;m7~gjo ,8.?.tj30' 
inohsq.o"! `s5.{7j<:/`u" ,o1js5 
`|`v ~( lsb! h=jr `m;maiy3 
.?ir.? $,t inohs$ )s euin1w 
,}c{7 `r,)n %weoj3 `|`v"! ~uqicz
.s5! jvaqj<:/i4

















c#fb       .n#f.7  #a4      #aca
-----------------------------#fc
    #b4 .n)

  o~) lsbw ,)jr7 i5jvcz euim 
#bjba c* `ma"ob`masp3 ,qeg 
e1em7;o8'#bjbj c* ,qeg `ol"u 
`m,},0"u~mhs ;m;&j<:/i4 ocz 
,)jr7 i5jv"! ,qego"<cz hna,{h{"u
j3.}j<:/icz .s5n,s ,qegn 
h{a,}jviy3 inohs"<cz h{a.o7! 
$.qi4 ocz o1~3.?" .)~3.?q )s 
euin1! mrjr,scz j3`/"u .a+7j1 ,m
o/i4 ,qego"<cz hna,{h{$ $.ocz 
.7"{.? ,}`:an,s .<%"u& ,m sb'`o 
,iregoi4 h{ajo #bjbj c* ,qeg 
`olncz fu"uc `v3"* c%,{w ~o.m7o 
s5;}c`n cu4`o ,iregn <em"o `%3j}
o/`n ."+"! ;m;&j3i`u jis"<iu 
hna,{h{ cr+7w d*j>7,}! euim 
`{a~xjr/i`u ~u`oncz j3`/$ o/i4 
j>7jm *`mn,scz ,)jr7 i5jvw ;m;& 
irl7 hna,{h{"! isma i<>7j`n 
jva.7j5{"u,,s )s euin1w 
~s5+7,}`v $7`),}! $7jvjcz in 
ium5o iy1 _soi4
  j3d* #b e3: `)w .?ir.? $,t! 
,r7,}" `s5,mj`u ~x,mw )s euin1! 
irl7{"u ,xo`o ,o1js5,$.o 
,mjr7jcz o1"*w `v.}z erm ~x.bj`u
e30z i3`/$ do1+j1 ,~g <co"< 
.o;o5w `r~1`v `+%a" au o"! 
huir"u j3 eg.7 ,r7,}n o"{`o,$.o 
e30z *`m ;<5: q":a`v cu":a" 
`}js5o +`miycz `v.}os/i4 ~( lsbw
`|`ve&z o"sj3 ~x.bj`u .oc3j3 
`v.}! h=jr l3;&iys/{e:" :"s 
;<"/w `s5.{7`v ,m.}" ~uv3! 
`s;o5{"u,,s )s euin1w ;m"( 
c{7":a! $7`)j`n e3i{cz in `o:j1 
,m o/! _s{"u `oirj3i4











a#fc       .n#f.7  #b4      #acc


























-----------------------------#fd
      ;<5`uegj)

  0,b5tivogli1 ;,l41 ,cl>k1 
;,p41 ,dagan1 ,i41 `& 
,giampi3olo1 ;,d4 "<#bjji">4 ,! 
,fif? ,,pascal ,recogniz+ 
,textual ,5tail;t ,*all5ge4 ,9 
,,tac4
  ,bos1 ;,j41 `& ,m>k}t1 ;,k4 
"<#bjje">04 ,recognis+ textual 
5tail;t ) logical 9f};e4 ,9 
,proce$+s ( ,human ,language 
,te*nology ,3f};e & ,3f};e on 
,empirical ,me?ods 9 ,natural 
,language ,process+ "<pp4 
#fbh-fce">4
  ,b{man1 ;,s4 ;,r41 ,angeli1 
;,g41 ,potts1 ;,c41 `& ,mann+1 
;,c4 ;,d4 "<#bjae">4 ,a l>ge
annotat$ corpus = le>n+ natural 
language 9f};e4 ,9 ,,naacl4
  ,3doravdi1 ;,c41 ,cr|*1 ;,d41 
,de ,paiva1 ;,v41 ,/olle1 ;,r41 
`& ,bobr{1 ;,d4 "<#bjjc">4 
#fd         ;<5`uegj)       #ace
,5tail;t1 9t5.nal;y & text 
"u/&+4 ,9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,,hlt-
,,naacl #bjjc "w%op on ,text 
m1n+ "<pp4 #ch-de">4
  ,dagan1 ,i41 ,glickman1 ,o41 
`& ,magn9i1 ;,b4 "<#bjje1 
,april">4 ,! pascal recognis+ 
textual 5tail;t *all5ge4 ,9 
,ma*9e ,le>n+ ,*all5ges ,"w%op 
"<pp4 #agg-aij">4 ,spr+}1 ,b}l91
,heidelb}g4
  ,fyodorov1 ;,y41 ,w9t}1 ;,y41 
`& ,fr.ez1 ;,n4 "<#bjjj">4 ,a 
natural logic 9f};e sy/em4 ,9
,proce$+s ( ! #bnd ,"w%op on 
,9f};e 9 ,computa;nal ,semantics
"<,,ic,'o,s-#b">4
  ,ham1 ;,j41 ,*oe1 ;,y4 ;,j41 
,p>k1 ;,k41 ,*oi1 ,i41 `& ,soh1 
;,h4 "<#bjbj">04 ,kornli & 
kor/s3 ,new b5*m>k datasets = 
kor1n natural language "u/&+4 
>,xiv prepr9t >,xiv3#bjjd4jcbhi4
  ,j91 ;,d41 ,j91 ;,z41 ,zh|1 
;,j4 ;,t41 `& ,szolovits1 ;,p4 
"<#bjbj1 ,april">4 ,is b}t r1lly
robu/ a /r;g basel9e = natural 
language attack on text 
classifica;n& 5tail;t4 ,9 
,proce$+s ( ! ,,aaai 3f};e on 
>tificial 9tellig;e "<,vol4 #cd1
,no4 #je1 pp4 #hjah-hjbe">4
-----------------------------#fe
  0,khot1 ;,t41 ,sabh>wal1 ,a41 
`& ,cl>k1 ;,p4 "<#bjah">4 
,scitail3 ,a textual 5tail;t 
dataset f sci;e "q answ}+4 ,9 
,?irty-,second ,,aaai ,3f};e on 
,>tificial ,9tellig;e4
  ,lee1 ;,s41 ,jang1 ;,h41 
,baik1 ;,y41 ,p>k1 ;,s41 `& ,%91
;,h4 "<#bjbj">4 ,kr-b}t3 ,a 
small-scale kor1n-specific 
language model4 >,xiv prepr9t 
>,xiv3#bjjh4jcigi4
  ,mac,c>tney1 ;,b41 `& ,mann+1 
;,c4 ;,d4 "<#bjji1 ,janu>y">4
,an ext5d$ model ( natural 
logic4 ,9 ,proce$+s ( ! ei<t 
9t}na;nal 3f};e on computa;nal 
semantics "<pp4 #adj-aef">4
b#fd        ;<5`uegj)       #acg
  ,nie1 ;,y41 ,williams1 ,a41 
,d9an1 ;,e41 ,bansal1 ;,m41 
,we/on1 ;,j41 `& ,kiela1 ;,d4 
"<#bjai">4 ,adv}s>ial ,,nli3 ,a 
new b5*m>k = natural language 
"u/&+4 >,xiv prepr9t 
>,xiv3#aiaj4adeii4
  ,nie1 ;,y41 ,williams1 ,a41 
,d9an1 ;,e41 ,bansal1 ;,m41 
,we/on1 ;,j41 `& ,kiela1 ;,d4 
"<#bjbj">4 ,adv}s>ial ,,nli3 ,a 
,new ,b5*m>k = ,natural 
,language ,"u/&+1 ,,acl #bjbj4
  ,p>k1 ;,s41 ,moon1 ;,j41 ,kim1
;,s41 ,*o1 ;,w4 ,i41 ,han1 ;,j41
,p>k1 ;,j41 444 `& ,*o1 ;,k4
"<#bjba">4 ,klue3 ,kor1n 
language "u/&+ evalua;n4 >,xiv 
prepr9t >,xiv3#baje4jifhj4
  ,szeg$y1 ;,c41 ,z>emba1 ;,w41 
,sutsk"e1 ,i41 ,bruna1 ;,j41 
,}han1 ;,d41 ,gdfell{1 ,i41 `& 
,f}gus1 ;,r4 "<#bjac">4 ,9trigu+
prop}ties ( neural net"ws4 >,xiv
prepr9t >,xiv3#acab4faii4
  ,wang1 ,a41 ,pruksa*atkun1 
;,y41 ,nangia1 ;,n41 ,s+h1 ,a41 
,mi*ael1 ;,j41 ,hill1 ;,f41444 
`& ,b{man1 ;,s4 "<#bjai">4 
,sup}glue3 ,a /icki} b5*m>k = 
g5}al-purpose language "u/&+ 
sy/ems4 ,adv.es 9 neural 9=ma;n 
process+ sy/ems1 #cb
  ,wang1 ,a41 ,s+h1 ,a41 
,mi*ael1 ;,j41 ,hill1 ;,f41 
,levy1 ,o41 `& ,b{man1 ;,s4 ;,r4
"<#bjah">4 ,,glue3 ,a multi-task
b5*m>k & analysis plat=m = 
natural language "u/&+4 >,xiv 
prepr9t >,xiv"1#ahjd4jgdfa4
-----------------------------#ff
  0,williams1 ,a41 ,nangia1 
;,n41 `& ,b{man1 ;,s4 ;,r4 
"<#bjag">4 ,a broad-cov}age 
*all5ge corpus = s5t;e "u/&+ "? 
9f};e4 >,xiv prepr9t 
>,xiv3#agjd4jedbf4
  ,zhang1 ;,w4 ;,e41 ,%5g1 ;,q4 
;,z41 ,alhazmi1 ,a41 `& ,li1 
;,c4 "<#bjbj">4 ,adv}s>ial 
attacks on deep-le>n+ models 9 
b#fe        ;<5`uegj)       #aci
natural language process+3 ,a 
survey4 ,,acm ,transac;ns on 
,9tellig5t ,sy/ems & ,te*nology 
"<,,ti/">" #aa"<#c">" #a-da4






















-----------------------------#fg
      "8~m"x01 #bjbb c* e1em7;o 
j5w ~g,? *`m eo2 `m;ma .o;o5

=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  #bjbb c* e1em7;o j5w ~g,? eo2 
*`m `m;ma .o;o5
=777777777777777777777777777777=

    #a4 `r+

  #a4a4 ~( `v.nw ex.?
  ~( `v.n ,8#bjbb c* e1em7;o j5w
~g,? eo2 *`m0'n,scz `v3"*j3 
,)jr7 *`m8'0,nie et ;al4 
#bjbj,0"! `o~3{"u .?ir.? l"/n 
`o~3j3 .<*s;m"( inohs ,nh{"! 
`m;majcz _s! exd+"u j3i4 
,8jvoh{jrfs0'q .m,?."! jv1+7j<: 
.?ir.? l"/"! `m;maj`u .asb."u 
j<:`{5 egeran ekcz $,t! 
,r7,}jiu"x j<: "<~n1`v i"z irib!
crcu0iu"x euin1! ,xo5
8'0fool+,0{"u,,s ,r"ug inohs
,nh{! e3i{cz _so .m+j3 ex.?oi4
#fg           ~m"x          #ada
  #a4b4 .?ir.? l"/ `r`v1
  .?ir.? l"/ e1em7;ocz #f`rw 
weojv+7.? ;m"(~7,oa
8'0num}ical`&quant1 ref};e1 
/&>d1 lexical1 tricky1 r1son+,0!
o+7j<: j5w ~g,?iy3 .?ir.? l"/n 
`o~3j3 .<*s eg.7 inohs ,nh{oi
8'0,nie et ;al4 #bjbj,04 j5w 
~g,?o"<3 .ms.q irl7 eg.7
8'i5jv,0v $,t eg.7n irjr i& $3w 
`v3`/"! ;<5`v `s.o'w .}iun 
`z`sj<: ;m"(jcz .asboi4 j5w
8'05tail;t,0" .m7"ob
8'0neutral,0" eu,g
8'03tradic;n,0w ,n $.o .m7 
s,i) `}mn ,xjcz.o"! ;m"(j<: 
"<~n1! ~m;<aj3i4 irl7 eg.7`v $,t
eg.7 $3w `v3`/ ;m"( /,ocz <"rv 
$8i"1

  8'#a,0 irl7 eg.7"1 u1,~reo 
~s,{cz ujm #aa,o~mhs u.) 
#f,o,$.o g}iy3i4
-----------------------------#fh
  $,t eg.7"1 u1,~reo ~s,{w g} 
,o$3z #g,o$3oi4
  "<~n1"1 j5w8'0,e,0
  ,te}"1 ujm #aa,o~mhs u.) 
#f,ocz ;= #g,o$3oe{"u g} ,o$3z 
#g,o$3oi4

  #a4c4 .m+ +7s
  $4 irl7 i5jv"1 ,)jr7 eg.7`v 
irl7 eg.7{"u ;yir im eg.7{"u 
`m,}iy3i4
  8'#b,0 fshz! `s9`u ~aa! cri~u.
s.ncz simb`u `}jv7o sb's,s ~u1 
,m sb's/i) ,r"ugdm7`}o cg<4n 
d|;:.:/i4 ,ma,u ~"u imr,.x{"u 
.az ju,m$ o/s/`u" .3.3j3 e&`|n 
~3,.a~3,.a ~o;ocz ~o2o `{i=<3w 
euiz `?.}! j3 ~)n ,,o'scrcz 
i{'ji4

  c4 irl7 eg.7"1 $,t eg.7`v j5w 
`v3`/"! o"mcz eg.7{"u ;m"( 
~7,oao .?+7iy1 ,m o/iu"x e}l_/
ire}l i{7w q;o7 .}~uv ,m_/>7_/
c1,. i{7w ,m;o.? .}~u" ~3ws_/
%ws_/.sb,x_/~m.}s i{7w c("o.? 
.}~u" `meg~*jv3_/.r.}"| i{7w 
a#fh          ~m"x          #adc
h=l.? .}~u" q`v`v3`/" .a$wiu 
;m"(`v $8z egera.? .}~u"!
duj5j3i4
  8'#c,0 ,ma,u ~"u imr,.x{"u .az
ju,m$ o/s/`u" .3.3j3 e&`|n 
~3,.a~3,.a ~o;ocz ~o2o `{i=<3w 
euiz `?.}! j3 ~)n ,,o'scrcz 
i{'ji4

  i4 $,t eg.7"1 irl7 eg.7`v j5w 
`v3`/"! o"mcz eg.7{"u .?ir.? 
l"/w :aj1! jcz eg.7oi4
  8'#d,0 ,ma,u ~"u imr,.xncz .az
ju,m$ o/i4

  "<4 "<~n1"1 irl7 eg.7`v $,t 
eg.7 $3w j5w `v3`/oi4 j5w" 
.m7"ob" eu,g .m7 j3 $.o"u 
,)hraiy3i4 <"rcz irl7 eg.7 
8'#c,0`v $,t eg.7 8'#d,0 $,t 
eg.7 $3w j5w `v3`/oi4
  8'#e,0 j5w8'0,e,0

  e4 ,te}"1 .asb.$ "<~n1! 
,)hraj3 o%n irj3 ,te}oi4

-----------------------------#fi
  8'#f,0 ,8,ma,u ~"u imr,.x{"u 
.az ju,m$ o/s/i0'cz e}.n$ irl7 
eg.7n .sb,xiys *`|iye{"u irl7 
eg.7o ;<5oe* $,t eg.7iu ~3i{,o 
;<5oi4

  ~4 j5w `v3`/"1 irl7 eg.7`v $,t
eg.7 $3w weojv+7.? `v3`/oi4 ~( 
`v.nn,scz c("oja.?q8'0logical,0 
`v3`/,~ge3 <co"< .<*s ;m"(n,s 
i"mcz j5w `v3`/,$.o jva.7,of: 
i<{5`v $8o j5w `v3`/"! .}wj3i
8'0,dagan & ,glickman #bjjd2 
,glickman #bjjf,04
  0i4 j5w8'05tail;t,0"1 irl7 
eg.7w .q"o;o$ ;<5o1 ,ir" $,tw 
.q"o;o$ ~3i{,o ;<5q `}moi
8'0wirte "o s5t;e t is def9itely
correct ab ! situa;n or ev5t 9 
! l9e,04
  8'#g,0 irl7 eg.7"1 ,ma,u ~"u 
imr,.x{"u .az ju,m$ o/s/`u" 
.3.3j3 e&`|n ~3,.a~3,.a ~o;ocz 
~o2o `{i=<3w euiz `?.}! j3 ~)n 
#fi           ~m"x          #ade
,,o'scrcz i{'ji4
  $,t eg.7"1 ,ma,u ~"u imr,.xncz
.az ju,m$ o/i4
  "no~!"1 j5w8'0,e,0

  0ii4 .m7"ob8'0neutral,0"1 irl7
eg.7w .q"o;o$ ;<5o1 ,ir" $,tw 
.q"o;o$ ;<5q.o `s.o'q.o d3i3j1 
,m sb'! `}moi8'0wirte "o s5t;e t
is mi<t 2 correct ab ! situa;n 
or ev5t 9 ! l9e,04
  8'#h,0 irl7 eg.7"1 ,ma,u ~"u 
imr,.x{"u .az ju,m$ o/s/`u" 
.3.3j3 e&`|n ~3,.a~3,.a ~o;ocz 
~o2o `{i=<3w euiz `?.}! j3 ~)n 
,,o'scrcz i{'ji4
  $,t eg.7"1 ,ma,u ~"u imr,.x{"u
fz cem$ o/i4
  "no~!"1 .m7"ob8'0,n,0

  0iii4 eu,g8'03tradic;n,0"1 
irl7 eg.7w .q"o;o$ ;<5o1 ,ir" 
$,tw .q"o;o$ ~3i{,o `s.o'q 
`}moi8'0write "o s5t;e t is 
def9itely 9correct ab ! situa;n 
or ev5t 9 ! l9e,04
  8'#i,0 irl7 eg.7"1 ,ma,u ~"u 
imr,.x{"u .az ju,m$ o/s/`u" 
.3.3j3 e&`|n ~3,.a~3,.a ~o;ocz 
~o2o `{i=<3w euiz `?.}! j3 ~)n 
,,o'scrcz i{'ji4
  $,t eg.7"1 ,ma,u ~"u imr,.xncz
.az ju,m$ sb'i4
  "no~!"1 eu,g8'0,c,0
-----------------------------#gj
  3o .ms.q ,-)s.? .}~u-'v ,-o1~3
.o,oa-'! `o~3{"u j<: ,-o1~3 
).m7w .oa`v3-'n ,i"< $,t eg.7w 
,8j5w_/.m7"ob_/eu,g0'! d3i3j3i
8'j3.o%3 #bjbj,04

  .4 0num}ical `& quant8',mv 
>7,0"1 `o,m eo2 ,s,mn irj3 ;m"("
,m'.<n,s c1,. eo2 *"} ;m"(4
  ;<4 0ref};e `& "n8'.o,ov 
o"{5,0"1 ire}lv `u% e}l $3w l7ju
;<5.u" o"{5" ,}~|n irj3 ;m"(
  f4 0/&>d8'd+.g,0"1 .sb,x" 
~m.}" q`v`v3`/" ~o`+`{b`v 
;yl7`{b ;m"(
  h4 0lexical8'sjmr,0"1 i=ws" 
b#fi          ~m"x          #adg
~3wsn irj3 sjmr .}~u
  d4 0tricky8',xo5,m,0"1 e1.7c3
8'0~wplay,0" `meg ~*jv3
8'0syntactic trans=ma;n,0" 
.r.}"|8'0reord}+,0_/egeran,s .a$
wiu ;m"(`v $8z )s .)">a ;m"(
  j4 0r1son+ `& facts8';m"( eo2 
l,o1,0"1 ,nl7n irj3 y~m .o,oa 
,iucz ;m$ l,o1"u~mhs ;m"( 

    #b4 .asb .t;<

  #b4a `m;ma .t;<
  `m;n.?q lsb cr+7z i<{5 ,n 
$.o"u `m,}iy3i4 ;s',.r" .?ir.? 
j5w `v3`/ ~g,? .o;o5! ,m"obj3i4 
.o;o5 ,m"obw cr+7z ~g,? irl7! 
,).}j<: ~g,? ~7~sb"(! ,m"obj`u 
euin1 ja,{b eo2 d}$ `|`v"! 
`s5.{7j`u `r,)! mrj3 ~7~sb"(! 
,m"objcz _soi4 i&,.r" .?ir.? j5w
`v3`/ e1em7;o"! `m;maj3i4 `m;maw
i3`/cz i<{5`v $8i4 e).s `=`riy3 
`ma"ob`masp3 ,qeg e1em7;o #bjba
8'#bjbj c* ,r7l3iy3 ,qeg `ol 
#gbi1bhj`),0n,s ~g,? irl7! 
,).}j3i4 `{i<{5 .?ir.? j5w `v3`/
,r7,}! mrj3 $,t iu;& eo2 ,te} 
.}~u"! ~m;<aj3i4 e.oea{"u 
e1em7;o"u $`= eo2 .}~o8'#b e3 `)
ol7,0j3i4 ,n',.r" `s5.{7 d}$ 
;n`/ eo2 dm5.o1 `v3"o `/jya! 
,m"obj3i4 euin1! jv1+7j3 
q`=.oc{7 ,}c{7 d}$"! #b jy ol7 
.qjr7j`u ojm `s5,m eo2 `r,) 
;n`/"! ,m"obj3i4
-----------------------------#ga
    82`{"o5#a;0 `vsb,mjr7 .t;<
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  #a4 d}$irl7 ."+`m;ma
  7 ,qeg e1em7;o
  #a,0 l"/ ,r7,} .o;o5 `m;ma
  #b,0 euin1 0fool+4 :~m"! 
`u":j<: eg.7 ;=#c e3`)
  #c,0 euin1 0fool+4 :~m"! jvaq
  3o .?ir.? e1em7;o 0`&4 l"/ 
,r7,} .o;o5 `m;ma
=777777777777777777777777777777=
  ~3o
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  #b4 q`=.oc{7 ,}c{7 d}$
b#gj          ~m"x          #adi
  7 j3`mas )s euin1 
  #a,0 j3`mas )s euin1n ,}c{7 
d}$ .qjr7
  #b,0 `o.( 0,,nli4 
~n3;oef{n,svw ,}c{7 ~o`+
  3o .?.r.? e1em7;ov o1~3 
e1em7;ow ~o`+
=777777777777777777777777777777=
  ~3o
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  #c4 d}$ `|`ve& `s5hu eo2 `r,)
  7 `m;ma j7ex `s5,m
  #a,0 q`=.oc{7 euin1w ,}c{7 eo2
uib `}j>7 d<<a
  #b,0 euin1 uib d<<a! `o~3{"u 
e1em7;o `r,)
  3o .?ir.? e1em7;o `s5,m
=777777777777777777777777777777=
  ~3o
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  #d4 ,}c{7 d}$ .r,mjr7
  7 `m;ma j7ex `s5,m
  #a,0 .m7$3 ,}c{7 d}$n 
l+7iys/i) euin1n #b.="%w euin1! 
isjr i<>7j3 euin1w ,}c{7 d}$
  3o ;y.= `|`ve& l3;&
=777777777777777777777777777777=

  .m,?."! ,8jvoh{jrfs0'"u 
$3.mj`u euin1o ;mr>aj3 .?ir.? 
.<*s;m"( l"/"! e3i{cz :aj1! 
~m:j3i4 "<gi{8'0r.d,0 #a-cn,s 
.m,?.cz $,t! .n.aj`u 0,,b}t1 
,ro,,b}t,'a4 euj}o .}ib "<~n1! 
~3~x.?{"u /;{aj`n j3i4 ,q`}e7 
euj}w /;{ao h!"oe* .m,?.<w 
o5emcz v3,miy`u" 0r.d4"! 
`si{bj1,m"x is i<>7j3 .7"{w 
e1em7;on,s ~ui .?ir.?q l"/"! 
.n.aj3i4
-----------------------------#gb
    82`{"o5#b;0 .?ir.? l"/ ,r7,}
`=.}
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  82,)jr7 5 irl7 eg.7 ;m;&"1 
,qeg e1em7;o #bjban,s ,)jr7 5 
irl7 eg.7 ;m;&;0
  ~3o
  82$,t eg.7 ,r7,}"1 irl7 eg.7! 
~h7{"u $,t eg.7 ,r7,} eo2 
0label4 ~m;<a;0
b#ga           ~m"x         #aea
  ~3o
  82.asb.$3 `s5,m"1 $,t eg.7w 
0label4n irjr p3 .asb. #aq`v h 
.asb. #bqw w`*o euim o1;ojcz 
`}m"! ,mjb;0
  ~3o
  82euin1 0fool+"1 .asb.#cqw 
w`*o euim o1;ojcz l"/"{ euin1n 
ob":aj<: 0fool+4o ,}`=jcz l"/e3!
,mjb;0
=777777777777777777777777777777=

    82`{"o5#c;0 .?ir.? j5w ~g,? 
,r7,} `=.}8'0top-d{n,0
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
    0,,anli4 ~7,oa8'0,nie et 
;al4 #bjbj,0! `o~3{"u j3 .?ir.? 
l"/ ,r7,} `=.}
  3o 0,,anli4w 0,bottom-up4 
~7,oa! ~*+7j<: ,r7,} .o;o5n 
`z`sj3 0,top-d{n4 ,r7,} `=.} 
.n,o

  82#f`r ;m"( ~7,oa"1 
8'0,num}ical `& ,quant1 ,ref};e 
`& ,"ns1 ,/&>d1 ,lexical1 
,tricky1 ,r1son+ `& ,facts,0;0
  0,bottom-up"1 .o;o5 sb'o 
.?ir.? l"/ ,r7,} 3o ,r7,}iy3 
.?ir.? l"/ ~g,? 3o ~g,? 
inohs"u~mhs ;m"( ~7,oa ;m;&
  0,top-d{n"1 #f`rw ;m"( ~7,oan 
`z`sj3 .o;o5 ,r7,} 3o .o;o5n 
`o~3j3 .?ir.? l"/ ,r7,} 3o 
euin10fool+4 ,oiu

  82~|iuw .o;o5 sb'o .?ir.? 
l"/"! ,r7,)j3 0,,anil 8'0,nie et
;al4 #bjbj,0 0|o ,bottom-up 
,approa*;0
  7 0,me*anical ,turk4w .asb.i!o
~|iuw .o;o5 sb'o 0,bottom-up4 
~7,oa{"u ,r7,}j3 .?ir.? l"/"! 
~g,?j<: ;= #f`rw ;m"( ~7,oao 
~o.m7 o/`n l+7iys/{5! ljm 
~g,?j54
  820,,anli4 ;m"( ~7,oan `z`sj3 
.o;o5! h=j3 ~( `v.nw ,r7,} `=.} 
3o 0,top-d{n ,approa*;0
  7 0,nie et ;al4 8'#bjbj,0n,s 
;m;&j3 #f`rw ;m"( ~7,oa 
b#gb           ~m"x         #aec
8'0,num}ical `& ,quant1 ,ref};e 
`& ,"ns1 ,/&>d1 ,lexical1 
,tricky1 ,r1son+ `& ,facts,0 .m7
j3 l"/i7 #b-c`rw ;m"( ~7,oa! 
l+7j<: l"/"! ,r7,}jiu"x .o;o5 
.n.a4
=777777777777777777777777777777=

    82`{"o5#d;0 .?ir.? l"/ ,r7,}
/,o
=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  egera"1 `ma"ob`}.m~ae&`v3z 
#aiha c* ,o1,oj3 `{5;?"o `u~g 
#ah`o ~1`&.ul `|`v"! ;y`z #dj c*
e3n ~u`u,s8'8`}.m `{5;?"o 
,q"<e+0,0"u d:cr/i4
  $,t"1 `ma"ob`}.m~ae&`v3o #aiha
c* ,o1,oj3 `{5;?"o `u~g #ah`o 
~1`&.ul `|`v"! #bjbj c*irn v,s 
~u`u,s"! d:cr/i4
  0label"1 820,e;0
  ,te}"1 `z #dj c*o .oc/i`u 
jr/{e{"u #bjbj c*irn d:cr/{5! 
;m"(j1 ,m o/i4
  0annota;n3 ,num}ical `& 
,quant1 ,r1son+ `& ,facts4
  #a"1 820,e;0
  #b"1 820,e;0
  euin1 /;{a"1 0,c4
=777777777777777777777777777777=
-----------------------------#gc
  p3 .asb.8'$,t ,r7,}.,0 #aq`v h
.asb.8'#a1b,0 #bqw w`*8'j5w 
`v3`/,0o euim o1;ojcz `}mne3 
.?.tj3 l"/q _s{"u q.}j`u 
,mjbj3i4

    #c4 .m,? .o;o5

  #c4a $,t eg.7 ,r7,} p3;oa
  99 $,t eg.7 ,r7,}z i<{5w +`)! 
,i"zi4
  #1 $,t eg.7z irl7 i5jvn 
.asb.<w ;m"(! .?+7j<: $a,ra_/
,m.}j3 eg.7os> j3i4
  #2 egera .}~u"! ;yirj3 
jv1+7j3i4

  8'#aj,0 82i5jv;0 <,~<w $~7ncz 
s5e<w ,o`/$ i!s o/s/i4 oh1"o<n,s
$.:( ,o`/4 ,-s5e$ oh1"o<n,s o1j1
d#gb           ~m"x         #aee
,ir i( e30z ~ra.ao e.oea ,)e&"u 
.g _so"<`u jr/i4-'
  82$,t #a i3`/;0 ;-s5e<v 
<,~cz-2 oh1"o<n,s o1j1 ,ir i( 
e30z ~ra.ao e.oea ,)e&"u .g 
_so"<`u jr/i4
  3o d+.g8'0/&>d,0 .?+7"1 .sb,x
  82$,t #b i3`/;0 s5e<v <,~cz 
oh1"o<n,s o1j1 ,ir i( e30z 
~ra.an`n,s e.oea ,)e&"u ;-,o`/"!
~9</i4-2
  3o ,xo5,m8'0tricky,0 .?+7"1 
`meg ~*jv3

  8'#aa,0 82i5jv;0 ,s&,ocz 
`s"oim`o jr.n"! <4im`u ;-ujm 
#aa,o~mhs u.) #f,o,$.o gjr7jcz 
,8u1,~reo~s,{0'"! irdx jvair 
g}j3i-2`u ~1aj:/.oe3 .oj;t`v 
hra,ocz g} jvair$ ,mrb.o <30i4
  82$,t #a i3`/;0 
;-u1,~reo~s,{cz-2 ujm #aa,o~mhs 
u.) #f,o,$.o gjr7j3i4
  3o ,xo5,m8'0tricky,0 .?+7"1 
`meg ~*jv3
  82$,t #b i3`/;0 u1,~reo~s,{cz 
;-#g,o$3-2 i=<3 g}iy3i4
  3o ;m"( eo2 l,o1
8'0r1son+`&fact,0 .?+7"1 ,nl7n 
irj3 .o,oa-l;oa*l3

  99 $,t eg.7z i<{5! ;<5`uj<: 
,r7,}j3i8'j3.o%3 #bjai" #bjbj" 
#bjba,04
-----------------------------#gd
  #1 `v3`/ .m,?~| )s j*l7
  $,0 j5w `v3`/
  sjmr.?
  - i=w`v3`/" l7j<w `v3`/" 
~m~g`v3`/" o1~3 j5w `v3`/
  h=l.?
  - s,g imr~,`m`o" c{7i=_/doi=" 
ir"obs `+;n `meg" ;s,u c(j7 `+;n
`meg" .7_/i3j} li= `meg" `:a 
`+;n" ,m,oa" ex"x" `v3`/.t
  c(.{7
  - ,o$3" `=$3" ,m">7
  c,0 eu,g `v3`/
  - ir"ob ow `v3`/" l7~u ~3w 
`v3`/" `v3`/~3ws .m7 :aw`v3`/" 
>7"ob ~&$c{7 `v3`/
b#gc           ~m"x         #aeg
  i,0 .m7"ob
  - j5w `v3`/ eo2 eu,g `v3`/$ 
,}"obj.o <30cz `}m
  #2 ,n`/ .o,oa
  ,o$3 ;m"(" `=$3 ;m"(" >7.? 
;m"(" o1~3 l7,oa

  <"rcz l"/~| /,ooi4

  #a4 %ws
  8'#ab,0 82i5jv;0 .oc3 #ep1 
o`ojg jc`{5%7hm. *`mp3z ~oajoh{
n3hshnqe)h{w /l7 `osb$;o"u #c.u 
#ijjj?--#e.u#bjjj?p3! .n,ojr/i4 
ems'~ui 0,,bts4w q`o$ ;y`u.uqini
,o1.n ;-$d"z ,o1.? ,}.7-2! 
`m$j`u o/icz .s5o $7.s5oi4
  82$,t;0 0,,bts4w q`o$ 
;y`u.uqini ,o1.n ,o1.?iu ;-$d"z 
,}.7 $iu-2"! i1"o`u o/icz .s5o 
$7.s5oi4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  #b4 ~3ws
  8'#ac,0 82i5jv;0 ,q.= 
fu"uc~<o"s,{ $5:5.{78'fu"uc#ai,0
.7`ojv"u ,},m`oo5niu `=,o1! 
;r.p> jcz juhn1 sb`/$ ~oire* 
efnho7n ;u.s5! ek;p "<o~{ 
fses,{n,s j1q d3ern c,) eu,{boi4
#fo1 juhn1sb`/n ,i"{e* 
"u'injuhn1 p1i{cz ucz #aco1 
"<o~{ fses,{ ,8.r5"<o~{0'"! h=jr
,8juf7,{8'juhn1 5 ~f7,{,00' 
l7dm5 ;-d3ern c,)i4-2
  82$,t;0 "u'injuhn1 p1i{cz 
,8.r5"<o~{0'"! h=jr ,8juf7,{
8'juhn1 5 ~f7,{,00' l7dm5 
;-`mobn c,)i4-2
  82j5w;0 0,c4
-----------------------------#ge
  #c4 ~m~g`v3`/8'>7jvl,0
  8'#ad,0 82i5jv;0 <&"s 
0,,wcif4cz {5<a"2n3hshnqe)h{ 
l3sbn,s i="2,s>7w `+"%v j:b":an 
`o:j3 qe&n`n ,m:jcz ,80,,wcif 
,aw>d0'"! .n.}jr #a jy ,ml7."u 
0,k-,,pop4 jry.q;&w ,)`m.<q 
~u<8'0,,boa,0"! ,).}jr/i4 o~) 
jr7lcz 0,,wcif4 %h%~{ ;rct! h=jr
#bho1 u.) #aj,o~mhs 
b#gd           ~m"x         #aei
,r7.m7`/iye:" j3-} i=,oh=:a 
,s~o,{$ .n`=iy3i4
  82$,t;0 o~) jr7lcz 0,,wcif4 
%h%~{ ;rct! h=jr #bho1 j"m.=o1 
,r7.m7`/iye:" j3-} i=,oh=:a 
,s~o,{$ .n`=iy3i4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  #d4 jra,o5c(j78';s,u c(j7 `+;n
`meg,0
  <b`m.} ~(.s5n,scz #aio1,$.o 
.oj ,oadm5`v3n,s0'v $,t eg.7w 
,8#aio1~mhs <b`m.} ~(.s5z .oj 
,oadm5`v3! h=jr0'cz ~u.ul ~*`}`v
;s,u c(j7 la.nw eu,gn jri7j3i4 
;m$ .)">a{"u s,g ~*`}iu 
l+7iys/i4
  8'#ae,0 82i5jv;0 oh1"o<3 
"n,{hu"<7 l1~hu"nfmueu" ~nh{c5 
,oai7 he"qi{" j3.},oa.ob jvco" 
,i?$1~o .)eg.s5 i?q`v3 i{7n,s 
,oal imr ,q,n`/ .nj% fi{"u 
`|.nje* #cj0p j1qo .?+7iy3i4 
j*ir~rajv.s5 ;-<b`m.} ~(.s5n,scz
#aio1,$.o .oj ,oadm5`v3n,s-2 
,s&n,s $.7 u"riy3 ,~7.obq 
,8hr`{ai70' dbsb er.7! g}j3i4
  82$,t;0 ;-#aio1~mhs 
j*ir~rajv.s5 <b`m.} ~(.s5z .oj 
,oadm5`v3! h=jr-2 ,s&n,s $.7 
u"riy3 ,~7.obq ,8hr`{ai70'w dbsb
er.7! g}j3i4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  ,8.q.m.op3n,s0'`v $,t eg.7 
,8.q.m.op3e3!0'z jra,o5 c(j7 
`+;nv ~m~g_/.);n"! ~xjb.?{"u 
chcrcz ~u.ul"! l+7j3 `meg{"u 
.m7"obn jri7j3i4
  8'#af,0 82i5jv;0 ,iu `};<1o 
l;),o;} .obem,o1 i{7! 
<b,m,m,raj1 ,ir .obn o/i) i(! 
<crv ;{a`zql i{7! h=jr zcoajiu"x
j`u" #bjaf c* #aap1 `),tsb. 
0,a4,,oi{7 #b e}{"u~mhs w"% 
#ajjj e3p3 s;ov l7dm5`p3 #cjj 
e3p3! ~9z j:5w8'~m.};}ha`{5.o~sb
mr~3,0"u ~&`m,x `o,uivr/i4 ,= 
,o.7n irj3 ,)`u`=d3z ucz #ep1 
#bho1 ;<7p3.o~sb .q.m.op3n,s 
.qjr7iy1 /.}oi4
b#ge           ~m"x         #afa
  82$,t;0 ,= ,o.7n irj3 
,)`u`=d3z ucz #ep1 #bho1"u 
;<7p3.o~sb .q.m.op3e3! /.}.o"u 
~u`u o/i4
  82j5w;0 0,n4
-----------------------------#gf
  #e4 c{7i=_/doi=
  8'#ag,0 82i5jv;0 eo`ma 
0,,cnn4~7,=z ~a ,o.7o ,oeqgi=$"u
jv1i=ji) #bjaa c* :i7 jm~u"! 
cm"{`u ;s{5 ,s&,o.7n i7,)iy3 ojm
ir,) jm~u"u,$.o ~ml7j3 .};o 
`}":a! i"p/i4 c%+ah<o5,{
8'0,,nyt,0cz ~a ,o.7o j3`ma 
;y;uw ,}jw"= l`)n,s ,{7,uj3 
q`p3~*jul ;&,qo"<cz .s5n
.mexje*,s ;y`z e:2c* i=<3 ,8eohm
gi=0'o j3`ma ljy"! ;-$7hj3 
l,o1-2iu j5,`n .)jr/i
  82$,t;0 c%+ah<o5,{8'0,,nyt,0cz
j3`maljy$ eohm gi=n $7j3 ;-h`:a!
~9z l,o1-2iu j5,`n .)jr/i4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  8'#ah,0 82i5jv;0 h{ajo c=s;( 
eq~a h=jb ju5dno.o `m;ma! .op3jr
.;n h=jb />a"2`|.n,o,{hn5! 
`m;majr ,m,m"+ i{7 `}}~mi5! 
.&o`u" em,q`u ,ma~a,o,tw ;<5:"! 
.nj3jr <3.)j3 `v3`v7 jv3`}! 
.u,}j1 ~7;o5oi4 .}~mcz j>7jm 
,o1.{7h{a"/ g} ,o1.?`v ,qlsbo 
c=;( `}.n"2ljyn eo;ocz }j>7 i{7!
;-.=jb.?{"u `u":jr-2 ~sb"2.niu 
.}~o"! `s5huj`o"u jr/i4
  82$,t;0 ~sb"2.niu .}~ocz j>7jm
,o1.{7h{a"/ g} ,o1.?`v ,qlsbo 
c=;( `}.n"2ljyn eo;ocz }j>7 i{7o
;-.=jb.?{"u `u":iy1-2 _soi4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  #f4 .m.n-c(d}`m.u
  8'#ai,0 ;u.s5w mr;o$ i"z `}m
  82i5jv;0 `v;),ocz .oc3 #bdo1 
`v;)"reo<3,n3h{"t,{mrh{ i3.o 
fdnn,s e<!eg.n jr`|! mrj3 .meq 
$3 ,uh=jr7l ,8,uh= irjvei70'! 
`r;yjr/i4 o~) jr7lcz `v;),o$ e<!
crn o/cz eg.nv $1i{7n irjr 
.meqi!o ,{,{"u irjvv hu"(! h=jr 
jr`|j1 ,m o/iu"x j`o mrj3 
a#gf           ~m"x         #afc
;mr.o"u `ojyaiy3 _soi4
-----------------------------#gg
  82$,t;0 `v;),ocz o~) jr7l"! 
h=jr $8z e<!n,s lcz .meqi!o 
`o`v3w ium5 
sb'o eg.n"! jr`|jiu"x j`u. jr/i4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  8'#bj,0 ~g|eg
  82i5jv;0 d},uv i"z ~uju.i!w 
jr7i=n i7jv7jcz ~=,oaov i3juj3 
jr7i={"u ~=,oao"! irjcz ~uju.i!w
eu,{bo eu1ob! ~r$,of:/i4 
~=,oao"! .,oa;s"s5 :`:( e3f{5 
~=,oaow .1eu'iy3 jr7i=! `u;o`u. 
jcz ~uju. ~m~mw w.o$ isma 
~&h<u1"</i4
  82$,t;0 ~uju. ~m~mw w.o$ 
~&h<u"z _sz ~=,oao"! .,qo .oa.sb
c0z .,oa;s"s5 :`o`o ,iregoi4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  #g4 s,g imr,?a`o8'0scrambl+,0
  8'#ba,0 82i5jv;0 o~aan oi3 
,q;).o" `oix`+~x{5,)`+jy8'`m 
0,,jms,0i{7`v `v3"*iy3 ;m$ 
jva.q.cz j*.r,$.o sb'cz _s{"u 
<1":.:/i4 #g e}w jva.q.$ c<( 
<l3,o :a,o ;y`z #do1$3 ;m$ 
jva.q.$ c<u.o <30{e*,s j3,m5 
iu1"ocz ~gmr`oi4
  82$,t;0 ,r jva.q. ,m$ lo1 i=<3
c!.o <30{e*,s o1`ub e}w jva.q.$ 
~1,r7jr/i) <l3,oiu j3,m5 iu1"ocz
~gmr`ooi4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  #h4 `v3`/.t
  8'#bb,0 82i5jv;0 `{ `|`v $3<5!
o1{focz ~1<5e&.o1q 
,8<d!"<hx,q0'n cu;&je* ,ohu,q
8'0,c,0 :5`o$ hoeq8'0,t,0 :5`o"u
;ojv3iy.oe3" $5e,)n cu;&iye* 
hoeq8'0,t,0o <incq8'0,a,0oc 
,ohu,q8'0,c,0{"u ;ojv3iycz _s{"u
chc/i4 ,iu $8z ~1<5e&.o1n 
cu;&iyis"<iu 0,,dna4 ~x`m `oc{7n
`|j5o o/cz ,`ue,);m7z .}l7q 
ir.u`gn ~ojr iu1*~*o ,o`{co;sw 
~1,r7o `{b`:ajo .{7$jr/i4
  82$,t;0 <d!"<hx,qz $3n <5! 
a#gg           ~m"x         #afe
%~1j1 ,miu o/i`u <1":.: o/cz 
e&.o1 .m7 jcoi4
  82j5w;0 0,e4
-----------------------------#gh
  #i4 ,n`/ .o,oa
  8'#bc,0 82i5jv;0 o i=}l7o 
.oc3i1 #bco1 `=`riy. `};<1z j"m 
e3n +7w.<w ,qp3! d<<ajr/{c" <.oa
`m;n.?q j:5w$ jvaqiy.o <30< ;m$ 
,ml"! j`u o/i4 .oc3.mncz 
;-~r3fm~s ;<och<g-2w .m7`ma 
egjv,n3hsn,s ~xe*! j3 ~raq c5.$ 
,8j:5u,{"sg ca,s0'"u ;<7eg! 
jpr,(jr `};<1o ,mln c,s/i4
  82$,t;0 ;-frci<n o/cz-2 .m7`ma
egjv,n3hsn,s ~raq c5.<n wj3 j:5u
~s5.y$ o/s/i4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  #aj4 o1~3 l7,oa
  8'#bd,0 82i5jv;0 .u wp3z o") 
o%"u" j*.r `m,}iy3 h{amr"u o~) 
eg.n"! i"mcz _so ~m.?jbji`u 
.o.?jr/i4 #i e}w h{amr wp3 $gin 
.u wp3! .nyj3 #h e}o euim c5,} 
wp3o`u `{ .m7 i,m$ ,}q.o $5,m,}o
~m.xjicz .m.7oi4
  82$,t;0 .u wp3z :,}{"u h{amr 
wp3n duj5iys o/i4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  #c4b $,t eg.7 `o,& p3;oa
  99 $,t eg.7 `o,& ,o i<{5w 
p3;oai!! ,i"zi4

  #a,0 u"%
  7 ek;m5~sb u"%" `oju l+7 u"% 
i{7z o5w"u ,m.}j.o <30`u ~m.?.t 
;s"oj3i4
  8'#be,0 ,)jr7 eg.7"1 i= 
.meq,n3hs .oap3" irja,r7 
<"{~<oh{,r7! ~o"u'jr"
  irl7 eg.7"1 jwe7o1."o lsb 
;<5: `=`=`z"u #hjj:e}" cuqo1."o 
lsb ;<5: s"{,q #ddi e} i{7 ;m$ 
q":a! jv1+7j<: .m+ .o:a eo2 ,o,t
i{7! .o,x.?{"u ,uixj`u 
~7:a,m;oa! j=~ujcz i{7 .meq 
~&<3$5 jr,uv <3.) ~ujun jo5,,zi4

  8'#bf,0 ,)jr7 eg.7"1 ,ocz 
a#gh           ~m"x         #afg
ljy.? `s"oim`o ,o1;){"u $.}n,s 
$'`o5;ow .mego d}c*n ~ojr #a4
  irl7 eg.7"1 #e~r ol7 
.{7$jr/{e:" o"u qj3 ,r7 $' 
dm5`mrj*l7{"u cu4z $`:ao 
j},}iy`u ,8~u5 $'0' .r~r e*.? 
jvairv ,r7l3">7 .{7$"u os.q 
_s{"u ~g,?jr/i4
-----------------------------#gi
  #b,0 ~xp3
  7 irl7 i5jvn .msc ex.?s$ sb'! 
`}m $,t eg.7n,scz egeral7 /;{aj1
,m o/cz eg.7 +,u"! ~xp3j<: 
.n,oj3i4
  8'#bg,0 82i5jv;0 o e,{f{cz 
nh3u1 l1`%3 ,n;? ,o1js5! .qjr7j3
`|`v #bj jy ~3~x ,n;? jmniu ;u`o
:`v j+%1 #id0p ol7! %.oj`u 
ccu,s5% en5~{"nqw `m.u ~*jv$ 
.)j: o1sc.o <30cz _so `v3;<1! 
h=jr jvaqjr/i4 h{ajo nh3u1n 
#c,o$3 ol7 i5$iu ccu,s5%$ cx`sc 
en5~{"nqw imrh!"o5 j*l7o sb's 
nh3u1! o+7jr l1`%3"2,n;?j1 `}m 
j3 i1 ol7 l+7o $c{7j3 .7.s5o 
o/i4
  82$,t;0 nh3u1z o e,{f{"! j3 i1
ol7 l+7 $c{7j`n e3izi4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  #c,0 egera.? .}~u m,)
  7 l.).? .}~uv egera.? .}~u$ 
l7;m7j1 ,ir" egera.? .}~u"! 
m,)j3i4
  8'#bh,0 82i5jv;0 mj3 ;n"% 
`+eqi!z oc1 u.) #e,o
8'j*.o,o$3,0,`n ;&~1jr u.) 
#h,o,`n `o5du`=j7n iu;<ajr/i4 
`mr`ma! jwe7j3 ;-`+eq`v %ja,r7-2
#gbj e} .m7 #cfi e}o mj3 `=j7n 
eu:/.oe3 ;-#a e}-2z .m7`ma 
i7`maw l.) `s5:an,s mj3 d/":5 
w,o5 .{7,n$ jvaqivr ~ojr7`on 
u"{.o eu'j`u `mr$ .u;oivr/i4
  82$,t;0 ;-`+eq-2 .m7 #a e}z 
.m7`ma i7`maw l.) `s5:an,s mj3 
d/":5 w,o5 .{7,n$ jvaqivr 
~ojr7`on u"{.o eu'j`u `mr$ 
.u;oivr/i4
  82j5w;0 0,n4
  3o `+eqw l.).? .}wn ,i"{e* 
a#gi           ~m"x         #afi
`+eqz ,8i"z c"<n l1`u o/cz i=du4
<-/ .};<aj<: l1`u o/cz `+duc 
o1,o.?{"u esem"{cz %ja,r7" 
.m.rp3 i{70'! .o;o7jc .ms.q 
egeran,scz ,8`+eq`v %ja,r70'{"u 
,8`+eq0'w ~s5mr"! `+du"u j3.}j<:
`+eq`v %ja,r7w weo$ `m~giys 
jr,?iy3i4

  7 .asb.<w l7,oa.? .}~uv 
egera.? .}~u$ l7;m7j1 ,ir" 
egera.? .}~u"! m,)j3i4
  8'#bi,0 82i5jv;0 h{ajo 
h3l3{5"+cz d*w.s5 ~ri1 ,m+$ 
#aj~r ol7 .{7$jr/i) .oc3 #ep1 
~ri1"u $.7 e30o d3eriy3 {5"+ 
#aj`r .m7 #c`r"! ;<.ojr/i4 .ac* 
#ep1ncz fsdo"! .nyje* 
eocn"<1phs" .n.ml5i,m" x,m,m 
,m:5;< i{7 ,r7,mv ;<{5"+$ er;& 
l7mr`p3! ;<.ojr/.oe3 u1jrcz 
;-eo1fo,{" e<ghqi%" fu"<fu1"<
.n"u-2 i{7o ,r7,m"! eo1scr`u 
er;& hub#ajn o"{5! u1":/i4
-----------------------------#hj
  82$,t;0 u1jr #ep1 ,r7,m"! 
eo1scr`u er;& hub#ajn o"{5! u1"q
{5"+ .m7 eo1fo,{" e<ghqi%" 
fuffu1"<.n"ucz h3l3{5"+oi4
  82j5w;0 0,e4
  3o .asb.$ eo1fo,{" e<ghqi%" 
fuffu1"<.n"u$ h3l3{5"+$ <co"<`u 
<1`u o/s/i jis"<iu egera .}~ul7 
h3l3{5"+"< jr,?iy`u o/{e{"u o"! 
,i"zi4

  #d,0 .}~u`m.u
  7 ,)jmjr7 egera! `o~3{"u j3 
.}~u`m.u"! h=jr i=o1j`n .?+7iy1 
,m o/cz jv.nq.o"! d<<aj3i4
  8'#cj,0 82i5jv;0 j>7jm .}~m 
~7;o5n ,i"< ,8,r7jv1 ,x 
`s"oim`o0'"uw .)jv3 ,o e*eo1j3 
`s5hu"! `s;: i<{5i1 #fo1 ojm 
iui?l3fr5do7.7" `v7e}`maeq;n%a
,n3hs i{7 lsb.7iu ;m$"u .r`r.7 
j1 `/jyaoi4 j%.7`o$3 i=<3 `=lcz 
.=jb.?q ,o,t.s5`s5! ,o1,ojr - 
`v7e}`u1d{*,{b.7 `{e&e7 ~u,m 
`=lv h,? q.u .3io `+;n`=l - 
`v7e}`maeq;n%a,n3hs ;<7eg $"o5ea
a#hj           ~m"x         #aga
`=l" ,o1cr ~ia ,r3io7 `=l" 
<3crin,{f{ `r,) `=l - iui?l3
fr5do7.7 ,r7hr*eu' &h"o ~u,m 
`=l" inf{ ,m,) `=l - ,o"ob.x`m.7
$<b ds5d{ :a"% ~7.o`ov ~r`v3 
cm,m ,m"o `=l i{7 .)~3.?q ,o,t 
`r~u,m `=l"! .qjr7je: .r`r.7 ,o 
`u`ra o+7n ~&d*j5o sb'iu"x e3.)!
`ojr/i4
  82$,t;0 `v7e}`u1d{*,{b.7" 
`v7e}`maeq;n%a,n3hs" iui?l3
fr5do7.7" ,o"ob.x`m.7z i<{5i1 
#fo1,$.o j%.7j3i4
  82j5w;0 0,e4
  3o egeral7 iui?l3fr5do7.7" 
`v7e}`maeq;n%a,n3hs i{7n 
`v7e}`u1d{*,{b.7" ,o"ob.x`m.7o 
duj5iy3i4

  #e,0 .m7"ob d3i3 `o.g
  7 $,tz euim egera.? .}~u"! 
h=jr ;m;&iys> j3i4 ,i"<,s ,o1.n 
,n`/n,scz l,o1o1.o eu"{c egera 
.}~u l7n,s l,o1 :~m"! d3i3j1 ,m 
sb'cz .}~ucz .m7"ob{"u ;s"oj3i4
  8'#ca,0 82i5jv;0 i=`ma.n$7z 
h3":a.? .usbo $c{7j3 .)`o"u lsbw
.7.s5! `{airjvjcz in .m":ajr/i4 
:`on isjr ;<~|jviy3 ~=j}$7`v 
ft"s $7d3 ,q.ndm5 i{7 `u~m$$;o 
.ndm5`v ,t"m,* efnho7 iuob i{7 
,o.7! ,)iujcz ;u`:a;< .)">a! 
.o,xje: ,moa,} jvairn 
;-er.qjr/i4-2
-----------------------------#ha
  82$,t;0 i=`ma.n$7w ~=j}$7`v 
ft"s$7d3 ,q.ndm5z ;-er.qiys/i4-2
  82j5w;0 0,n4
  3o ,o1.n ,n`/n,s i=`ma.n$7w 
~=j}$7`v ft"s$7d3 ,q.ndm5o 
er.qiys/is"<iu i5jv egeran,s 
l,o1 :~m"! jvaqj1 ,m sb'{e{"u 
.m7"ob{"u ;s"oj3i4

   #f,0 eq$5lj7
  7 ,}8'0g5d},0" .};o" .=`+v 
`v3"*j3 eq$5 l"/"! i5</`sc" 
,o1e}o )`{biys c("<3w :.o$ o/! 
,m o/cz i5jvi!z ~m.?.t ;s"oj3i4
  8'#cb,0 82i5jv;0 o c5,}z 
8`{c>7 `r_xxl _xxxl +ajcz `se*
c#hj           ~m"x         #agc
eu"zi4 ri!iu o/cz i=cnn,s c5,}w 
,}`o" :,}w ,}`o i!e?oe: 
,isi{czin `+%a.?{"u 
.u0`n/c{c>0e: 8.s") _xxl jc o/cz
_se3{"uiu ;m7~gj3in vr i=cn"! 
,,{"n`o"u e3i{c{c>0`u hu"ujr/i4

   #c4c ;m"( .?+7 p3;oa
  99 ;m"( .?+7 ,o i<{5w p3;oai!!
,i"zi4
  #a,0 0num}ical `& quant8',mv 
>7,0
  7 irl7 eg.7n,s ,m'.<v `v3"*j3 
i3s"! ~*jv3j<: ,m'._/c1,._/*"}w 
jr,?! ,xo58'0fool+,0
  8'#cc,0 82i5jv;0 o .olcz oc1 
,)du"! h=jr `);ma`/v ljy.)~3n 
,{e:i!s o/cz d+.tn irjr `}.=! 
&"o`u <4{"u l7,r7! mrj3 ~o.)! 
.n,oje*,s .o:aljyw .u0z d}$"! 
o,`!s/i4 j3d* `}.mh<pv `v3"*j3 
.s.a`p3 ,u,=z ;-.oc3 #bjjd c* 
io.<q `=eu"! h=jr #bjjg c* 
v3`=iy3-2 `}.mh<pw eu,{bo 
`=eu.)n ;&dm5j3 % ,),r7w io.<q`v
j{bljicz .s5o .o.?iye*,s $8z jr 
*e1~mhs ,o.aivr/i4
  82$,t;0 `}.mh<pcz io.<q `=eu"!
j3 .o ;-#c c* e3-2n v3`=iys/i4
-----------------------------#hb
  82;m"(;0 0num}ical`&quant1 
r1son+`&fact
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  8'#cd,0 82i5jv;0 .oc3 ;-#dp1 
j3i1 i=<3 #ejj:`)-2o .sb,miy3 
_s! ,o.a{"u ;-.oc3 #ep1ncz 
#ajjj:`)-2o .sb,miy1 .}iu"u e30z
,u~o.i!o o4,r"nhsn ;<5:je: 
`v3,o5o cu4<.o`u o/i4 ~meuco5`v 
*`v3iy3 ;m?n,s~mhs o4,r.m euin1q
,=$q dr3i!w ,i{`sg `v3,o5,$.o 
i<>7j3 l*o .sb,mivr/i4
  82$,t;0 .oc3 #dp1`v #ep1n ;8;=
#aejj:`)-2o .sb,miys/i4
  82;m"(;0 0num}ical`&quant1 
r1son+`&fact
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  8'#ce,0 82i5jv;0 on irjr 
.rd3~mcz oc1 8`s5;<1 ;{ao j7,u"!
#hb           ~m"x          #age
jr/ijis"<iu i=o1j3 j}o ,)`uivr/!
_s0o"<`u e1jr/i4 0,a4,,o ~m~mcz 
.oc3jr #ep1#bfo1~mhs ;-i',r 
i=<3-2" q;) ~md}`mn o/cz j3 
<dh{n ;-,r7jm #g`rp1 iy3 ,i1-2! 
~3":`* im e"ov j5,`n ~7;ojr 
,m5.o`n j3 j:5w"u .rd3n 
cs5`:.:/i4
  82$,t;0 0,a4,,o ~m~mcz 
;-#g`rp1$3-2 ,i1! ~7;oj<:/i4
  82;m"(;0 0num}ical`&quant1 
tricky4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  7 egeran,s .n,oiycz .objb-
~m~g.objb-:.objb $3w `v3`/"! 
,xo58'0fool+,0
  8'#cf,0 82i5jv;0 oc1 
`s,uhmd+ncz ,o,t `s.m o+7q ;-#eb
e} .m7 #dj e}o ;<5:-2jr/`u 
`}`oiu ,)`v3mr `v3`/."! ~o"u'j3 
hmd+ ;<5`v3q #d e}" ,o,t 
ljy~x.ol #g e}o j5,`n jr/i4 hmd+
`v.}! <3crji) `o5q,) ljy~x.ol
8'#ch,0cz 8,o,t `s.m o+7qi!o 
emljo hmd+`p3 jr7l"! e;: 
`o,~{i0`u ,u$5! ~1aj:/i4
  82$,t;0 `s,uhmd+ncz ,o,t `s.m 
o+7q ;-`v~3,m ol7-2o ;<5:jr/i4
  82;m"(;0 0num}ical`&quant1 
/&>d1 lexical4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  #b,0 0ref};e `& "n8'.o,ov 
o"{5,0
  7 l7ju;<5.ujcz o1~3e}l" `u%e}l
jxz 8'ir,0e}l $3w `v3`/"! ,xo5
8'0fool+,0

  8'#cg,0 82i5jv;0 `=dun .o1"q 
`{cz 8c<{"o" `}~oi! ,iregn c$1 
,mc o/`n/,{bco,$80"<e: `?.},{"sg
e<{5! :,o1jo i{"scr.oe3 ,}o`:5z 
weo,o5.7j3 cg`o1"u siq$"! 
.of:~u`u o/s em)$ ,x,n5o o/cz 
_sq.o oexo ,,u1"qi4 ,}o`:5`v 
~a;gl5z ,o$3o iys cu:a,`gi! h{5n
,?a: .ob`|j`u" ;-h=,u1.-2$ chc 
l1~tj3 e1hm"u e}"}! cr"o`u o/s 
cg`o1! ,`zi4

b#hb           ~m"x         #agg
-----------------------------#hc
  82$,t;0 ;-,}o`:5`v ~a;gl5-2z 
l1~tj3 e1hm"u e}"}! jr/i4
  82;m"(;0 0ref}5ce`&"n1 /&>d4
  82j5w;0 0,c4
  8'#ch,0 82i5jv;0 #e`r irjaz 
`}jwirja`+8'+7q,0" ,}`%3`v3
irja`+8',mp3,0" *,nirja`+
8'q;),0" j3>7irja`+8'<3l3,0" 
j3`may`masirja`+8'+7q,0i4 #bjab 
c*~mhs ,o.aj3 ,8l5,}i{"o5
f!"r,{0'cz ;-`+%a :`)o ~m.xj3 
.o:aw .m7ja,r7-2n`n irja,r7o 
en3hu$ ivr ja,{b! .op3jcz 
l5,}.).<w ird+.?q `+%a ljy`=j) 
d{"u`{"r5oi4
  82$,t;0 l5,}i{"o5f!"r,{cz 
;-.m7ja,r7o"<e* cm`mc-2 ;<5:j1 
,m o/i4
  82;m"(;0 0ref}5ce`&"ns1 
tricky4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  7 l7ju;<5.ujcz o1~3e}l" `u%e}l
jxz 8'ir,0e}l"! ~xp3j<: ,xo5
8'0fool+,0
  8'#ci,0 82i5jv;0 eo`ma 
`}.n.)eg er;n 0,,cnbc4cz #bao1
8'j*.o,o$3,0 i,mw jr7i= 
,o5"oja.i!! q+7" `{7.}.? `|`v"! 
isma $7.ujcz ,}j>7o o/ie* i"z 
l"<5i!~ui $5:5 mrjs5n cu;&iy1 
$c{7,}o is cu4i`u ~uiujr/i4 o"z~
,8ca`v3.mw d*j>7,}0'o $7jie* 
,o1.n mrjs5n irjr .1 <1`u 
o/{5niu ~&`mj`u ;-~(q-2o ;sj3 
mrjs5! ;ma,ujcz `}j>7o $7jicz 
,te}oi4
  82$,t;0 ;-ca`v3.mw d*j>7,}o 
$7j3 l"<5-2z ,o1.n"u ;-.,q-2o 
s,i) mr`on ;sjr o/cz.o <1.o 
eu'j3i4
  82;m"(;0 0ref}5ce`&"ns1 /&>d4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  #c,0 0/&>d8'd+.g,0
  7 q`v.? c("o `v3`/"! ,xo5
8'0fool+,0
  8'#dj,0 82i5jv;0 ;}vir 
`maeq;}p3 `n,od3ncz #ajo1 
,8!v7"o {5.mg.) :a.mjr7{"u 
b#hc           ~m"x         #agi
;<5~*! i7j3 #ej ir $.7w 
,i1obcoi0'"<cz .nexw `!o 
u1"<v/i4 .)c1 ,r~:a ,&! e,o`u 
:a.mjr7 jcz ;<">7n ;o: ,m5.q 
0,a8'#ed,0,,ow ,i1o"<`u .,q! 
,u`rj3 ;}p3qz i7,o $jr.i!o l`u 
j*.7n,s ;-#aai~ui ~*jul"! e).s 
;<k</i-2cz ex`:ai5! jvaqjr/i`u 
.m.7jr/i4
-----------------------------#hd
  82$,t;0 #ajo1 !v7"o {5.mg.) 
:a.mjr7 l`) $jr.i!z ;-#aai"! 
~m"{`u `{i<{5 ~*jul"! ;<k</i4-2
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d1 tricky4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  8'#da,0 82i5jv;0 ucz 
#bjbb c*,$.o ;m.qiycz o lsbz 
`ma~o #bce?p3" ,o~o #bae?p3 i{7 
;= #dej?p3o hmobiy3i4 `).ulcz 
;-y~m d}$mrp3jyw ,o5w"! `s;: 
8'.m,0j*ireodu.u,)o ,).}-2ivr/i4
  82$,t;0 ;-j*ireodu.u,)o y~m 
d}$mrp3jy"! ,o5wjr/i4-2
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d4
  82j5w;0 0,c4
  8'#db,0 82i5jv;0 j.}mcz ;-~(qw
j%ir.)jv"! jrfo7j3 j:b~a~s5-2`v 
irjv"u ,o$3! ~te: `};<1w ,ml"! 
iuv/.oe3 ,`{8cr .oa.sb irjv"! j3
coacno5 ,8`uju0'cz .m7`ma{"u 
iudoj3 l7hri4 ,{7.rj* j}l.};ra 
*`mp3 *`mmrp3z j%ir.)jv jrfo7 
~7.o;ra{"u ,n$.o .o;o5! ,`x 
.of:> j3i`u $7.ujr/i4
  82$,t;0 ;-j.}mcz j%ir.)jv"! 
jrfo7jr/i4-2
  82;m"(;0 0ref}5ce`&"n1 tricky4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  7 ~m.} `v3`/"! ,xo58'0fool+,0
  8'#dc,0 82i5jv;0 o .u;ocz 
`u`ma{"u iu1<ucz %"sb ,oeqn`ncz 
.?+7iy.o <30{e:" .7`o 0,,eu4 
`s.m." 0,,eu4 jyp3`ma `maeqw 
$.x" y`+`v3" wl" fu"uc#ai jval3 
~7.o"! mrjr o1jcz *`m." l7dm5 
g,= q":a i{7iu e*.n irl7o"<`u 
d(ins"<on3 mrp3.7z is'~m8:/i4 
o~) `{5.o .u;ocz ;-0,,eu4 #bg`r 
jyp3`ma $gin <o1"r3i{"! .nyj3 
a#hd           ~m"x         #aha
#bf`r`ma-2`v cu"{pro" ,{mr,{" 
<o,!"<3i{" "ojohn3,%h<q i{7 
,/7`n3 j:b.}n $obiy3 #d`r 0,,eu4
~ojyp3`ma i{7 #cj`r `ma$"! 
<m"{`n iy1 _s{"u /l7iy3i4
  82$,t;0 ;-0,,eu4 jyp3`man 
<o1"r3i{cz duj5iys o/.o <30i4-2
  82;m"(;0 0num}ical`&quant1 
r1son+`&facts4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  8'#dd,0 82i5jv;0 <4,s #beo1ncz
.};ra ;m.q! o1i3 ~u"%j`u 
fu"uc#ai <3.}jv imr j:bw;nn,s 
c(w"! .q jr7j.cz .}~mw .n<3! 
irj3wlj:bjy$ ,m+7j.o <30. .}~mcz
.)`=wn irj3 sbem`r,oe}"}! 
;-,miu`p3n,s ~o,miu`p3{"u,$.o 
jvairj5-2`v i=,on j*.7n ~x`mrj.o
<30z #aj e}!`};<1n `u~1jr/i4 on 
wj:bz ~x.o~m $3~m"! ek`u~1j`u 
ucz #go1~mhs em`oj3 ;=d<sb! 
/`ujcz i{7 .}~mv w"+`/ $1i{7z 
os.o`u o/i4
-----------------------------#he
  82$,t;0 .}~mw .)`=wn irj3 
sbem`r,oe}"}z ;-,miu`p3o <cq 
.o:az jri7iy.o <30czi4-2
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d1 lexical4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  7 ~o`+ `v3`/"! ,xo58'0fool+,0
  8'#de,0 82i5jv;0 v3iu`g 
`=i=`v3n,scz jv1.)~x`v jv1`v7s" 
jr;u ,r1"si{" jr;u i($,{" 
jr;u`ma,m" .)~x.7" .)~x .td* i{7
i<>7j3 .ndm5! `macry ~<osi!`v 
,u~o.i!n`n ,)~u:/i4 `=i=`v3n 
;<5$j3 sb;ncz ;-cm"o}s.ujb~sbq
8'.)~x,0" v3iul"<70,s`&,f
8'.)~x,0" jr,}qhscr,:ct8'`v7s,0"
jr;}.}8'jr.u"%,0" ,n`/"u,ml3
8'jr.u"%,0" jce&l38'jr.u"%,0" 
~ij>7`o8'jr.u"%,0" v3iu;qjv3`}
j:bi=.ujb8'jr.u"%,0-2oi4
  82$,t;0 `=i=`v3n ;<5$j3 sb;n 
.m7 ;-jr.u"%"! d3erjcz sb;n~ui 
.)~x! d3erjcz sb;n$ is e30i4-2
  82;m"(;0 0num}ical`&quant1 
/&>d1 r1son+`&facts4
  82j5w;0 0,c4
a#he           ~m"x         #ahc
  8'#df,0 82i5jv;0 .}~mcz r;u 
`q`{b.rc3.op3`{5 /l3! #i.u 
#gjjj?p38';-#b;< ;m`} #g.u 
#fjjj?p3 5 .o~7.}~m ~gi5`{5 #b.u
#ajjj?p3-2,0{"u .b</.oe3" eq.mi7
ob.7ir"u .o`{b irl7! .) `maeq{"u
jvairje* /l3 `%eucz #ac.up3{"u 
c!sc3i4 eq.mi7z ;m$"u ,u+iycz 
.rp3 #c.u--#d.up3! .o;&.u.}`v 
`ma;r~1jr7 i{7! h=jr jva~uj1 ,m 
o/icz `ml7oi4
  82$,t;0 `q`{b.rc3.op3`{5 /l3 
.m7 ;-#b;< ;m`}n jri7jcz `{5rao 
.o~7.}~m ~gi5`{5~ui e30.o 
<30i4-2
  82;m"(;0 0num}ical`&quant1 
/&>d4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  #c,0 0lexical8'sjmr,0
  7 i=ws jxz ~3ws `v3`/ $3w 
sjmr"! ,m.}j<: ,xo58'0fool+,0
-----------------------------#hf
  8'#dg,0 82i5jv;0 #bjbj 
,{du;{,s& "<od{h{a.ob j:a,q
j3`maq0`&4d<pfu"o<n ,).}iy3
,m,}fo.{,{h{"n;o7.)egjap3n,scz 
%<i=! mrj3 ,{h{"n;o7_/"oi{5;n.u 
,msb`v j5,`n ,}q" $.x i3mr 
,m$7,r7! irl7{"u ,{h{"n;o7 ,msb!
.qjr7jczin ju{7o ,i{`sbi4 `u 
p3.7z erc* im ;<"/ |"ocz ~o,),m 
"oi{5;n.u irjy$ ;-em`oj3 
*`oiy.-2 ,m$7,r7i!w er3,( ;n.u 
.adm5! ;n.uv em+7 h{a,}n ek`n 
;<7.aj<: #c.m$3 jg"*,of:/i4
  82$,t;0 ~o,),m "oi{5;n.u irjy$
;-#c.m$3 *`oiys/i4-2
  82;m"(;0 0lexical4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  8'#dh,0 82i5jv;0 u1jr md*hmd+$
#d c* .)~ui dx.{7j`u ;=hmd+iu 
#bjjj e3: d+ c! .)e7o.oe3" 
h{a~|j3 eg.n$ sb'ie* /c*;s"s5 
#co1 ~5 #aa,o8'j3`ma ,o$a #do1 
ujm #a,o,0,.{5 %3`vao c<ucz `n 
$c{7ji`u eo )"(i!z .)e7j3i4 
;-;yir `}jb.mq d!"u"oi-2v 
cu,{fr"u1"<oc" r"o.uc i{7o 
md*hmd+"! ,)`s .)~mhs `rd+jr 
a#hf           ~m"x         #ahe
i7o1 ~5 ;y.= `|`v"! <1"o`n/i`u 
`=)jr v/`o ,iregn hmd+o1 ~5n 
,{7. %3`va! .s5;o1 ,miu o/i4
  82$,t;0 ;-d!"u"oicz ;y,u 
`}jb.m-2n jri7jcz .moi4
  82;m"(;0 0ref}5ce`&"ns4 
lexical4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  8'#di,0 82i5jv;0 ie3 hn,!"<$ 
;y`z `/,xiycz dm5.o1 o,%v 
dm.u"2"{cu i{7 ir.m7 ,mob 
.)`o;<i!w i{7.7" .o.;n~| ~u.u`{5
l7jv7 i{7z ~1ex .bjocz .m+ +q{"u
.a+7j1 ,m o/i4 h{ajo iu.7 
dm5.o1oc ;<;n drct i3;<
8's`{'c5,0 i{7 `v3"* eg.n$ .o,x 
.n`oiycz $gin ;-`macr `=,oa 
,s~o,{ ,n3hscz i3 #b`u'8',s& 
$7,s" ,}c5 ~gi7,0-2n ~&`vj3 
e3f{5 ,s~o,{ .o* ~&e3iu `/,x 
~&`s.ocz l7hri4
  82$,t;0 hn,!"sw `macr `=,oa 
,s~o,{hn3hscz ,s&,on im `u'o 
o/i4
  82;m"(;0 0lexical1 
r1son+`&facts4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  7 *.sb8'03junc;n,0 `v3`/n o/cz
sjmr"! ,m.}j<: ,xo58'0fool+,0
  8'#ej,0 82i5jv;0 ;-l5,}.).<v 
0,,lg4.).$ $a$a .m":a{"u jcz 
0,,qled ,,tv4v %`o~1`v7i<oui{
8'0,,oled,0 0,,tv4-2w e}<5iu 
s'$1":/i4 0,,qled4 d3er">7z 
.oc3jr #d~g`o #beb e3irn,s 
#aed e3ir"u" 0,,oled4 d3er">7z 
#aaa e3irn,s #fb e3ir"u o1.njo 
$5,ujr/`u d3er">7 `:a;<cz #b4c~r
,m.gos/i4
  82$,t;0 ;-l5,}.).cz 
%`o~1`v7i<oui{ 0,,tv4n ;u.s5! 
ek;m`u 0,,lg4.).cz 0,,qled 
,,tv4n ;u.s5! ek;gi4-2
-----------------------------#hg
  82;m"(;0 0lexical1 tricky4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  #e,0 0tricky8',xo5,m,0
  7 `meg~*jv3oc .r.}"|! h=j3 
c#hf           ~m"x         #ahg
,xo58'0fool+,0
  8'#ea,0 82i5jv;0 .,qw ,o.z ,n 
~),.r irjyn,s `=i= #bmrn u1"< 
;-0,,cme4 `{"mb hms ;r5do),ob 
;&.)`p3! ,(n .mr3 `u.q}-2z o~) 
irjy m,{7{"u i3,m5n l7`{5v7 
`u.o,$.o u1"</i4 e.oea #b`r 
irjyw m,{7 l7`{5 `%eu$ 
0,,us4:.<udz #ajj e3 i1"s" 
0,,cme4 `{"mb hms ;r5do),ob #aaj
e3 i1"s"u u1jr 0,,lpga4 hms irjy
$gin $.7 fs/`u" `u.q}z `{ #b`r 
irjyn,s m,{7" .gm,{7! *i1<,s je:
l7`{5v7n u"{cz p3i=":a{"u l5</i4
  82$,t;0 `u.q}z ;-0,,cme4 `{"mb
hms ;r5do),obn,s m,{7j<:/i4-2
  82;m"(;0 0tricky1 
r1son+`&facts4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  8'#eb,0 82i5jv;0 `v7.m,ocz 
#aio1 ,o;} #a;{7 ,oeqju1n,s 
,8`v7.mj} 0,,ai4-`{"qc%io1 #b;< 
,oeq~u`ujy0'"! |`u ;-,8#bjde 
h3,u.m7"ob ncs.o ."obiu,o 
,o1j*0'-2! mrj3 #c ir .)">a`v #h
ir jra,o5`v.n"! ~1d+jr/i4 
`v7.m,ocz .oc3i1 #bao1 ;-`macr 
;y;u"u #bjde c*,$.o h3,u.m7"ob 
ncs.o ."obiu,o"! e3i!`n/i-2cz 
`v7.mj} 0,,ai4-`{"qc%io1w exd+"!
.n,oj`u .)":a~meg! #ajj0p 
,q.r,r7 ncs.o"u .)jv3jcz #a;< 
"ui{erb! ~1d+j3 ~ o/i4
  82$,t;0 ;-`macr ;y;uw 
h3,u.m7"ob ncs.o ."obiu,ocz 
`v7.moi4-2
  82;m"(;0 0lexical1 tricky4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  8'#ec,0 82i5jv;0 <4,s ~a.o%3" 
;yi=,? <c<g,s $.xz {5.m l7hr"u 
`u,xiu"un,s :a.mjr7ji) jve&;<n 
i!o ~9jocz l`u"! i7jr/i4 
~ml3`};<1;}n ,i"{e* .)c1 ujm 
#h,o#cj~g,.{5 ~ml3 `{5.}`m 
,)im`mi= `}~m`u,xiu"un,s ;-e3;mr
g.). 0,a4,,o8'#di-c5,0$ eu1i) 
#b4e0t4 jve&;<$ ~3ir ;<,){"u 
:a.mjr7jr e.m ui) ~u1~u 
,{7+7;<-2v ;m7iu1jr/i4
b#hg           ~m"x         #ahi
  82$,t;0 ;-~u1~u ,{7+7;<$ 
:a.mjr7-2! j<:/i4
  82;m"(;0 0ref}5ce`&"ns1 
tricky4
  82j5w;0 0,c4
-----------------------------#hh
  #f,0 0r1son+ `& fact8';m"( eo2
l,o1,0
  7 ,nl7w .o,oa eo2 l7,oa! 
l+7j<: ,xo58'0fool+,0

  8'#ed,0 82i5jv;0 ,ocz .oc3 
#ao1 cem$ `ulj3 j*.7n j*,mea! 
cr`t`u ;-cem"! jpr,(j3 j*.7 
ex`:a.-2"! ;<k`u o/i4 ,ocz `=`= 
,o,te& jpr,(`v l3"o5.<p3~sb mr~3
j:5w"u `};<1n ,ml w"yj1 /.}oi4
  82$,t;0 cem"! jpr,(j3 l"<5o 
o/i4
  82;m"(;0 0r1son+`&facts1 
tricky4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  8'#ee,0 82i5jv;0 .oc3 #co1~mhs
#do1 #f,o,$.o iucr $7m">7z /l3o 
#bah0mm"u $.7 e30`u" ;)<3 
#bab0mm" ;-<l3 #ahg0mm-2" j=,} 
#acb0mm i{7! `o"xjr/i4 #ao1 ;yir
$7m">7z <l3 ,=<a #bgc0mm" ;)<3 
~mae* #bfg0mm" /l3{bo #bag0mm 
i{7oe:" ,o$3i7 $7m">7z <l3{b 
#fc0mm" ;)<3 ,}`s{b #ea0mm" 
/l3{b #cd4e0mm i{7{"u chc/i4
  82$,t;0 .oc3 #co1~mhs #do1 
#f,o,$.o iucr $7m">7z ;-<l3o 
#cmr-2"! `o"xjr/i4
  82;m"(;0 0num}ical`&quant1 
r1son+`&facts4
  82j5w;0 0,e4

  8'#ef,0 82i5jv;0 o") $gin `+cr
.s5,o5 ~7,=n,s ;-~raju"<7w 
,q`},ndu"! $7hj3 l*-2o i{7.7" 
8l"<7jcz ;q`m>" m"o .m7#c,ir 
,r7o1 dho .q,. .reo/s/czin0"<cz 
l* j3 .&n <*,o1,raj3 ~raju"<7w 
eu,{bo ju`o,o5! iu9gi4 ~raju"<7o
o oae}w l*`v s,i) `v3"*o o/cz 
_sq.o" l*.<w .};ncz cm`mo1.o" au
.m7#c ,r7o1 dho ,ir s,i) o1o 
o/s/i) _so1.o e&{5d+$ isjr.ocz 
a#hh           ~m"x         #aia
l7jv74
  82$,t;0 ~raju"<7z oae}w l*n`n 
;-,q`},ndu"! $7hi7j3 jmn `uh=-2!
ju,ujr/i4
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d1 r1son+`&facts4
  82j5w;0 0,c4

  #c4d ,te} .a,} p3;oa
  99 ,te} .a,} ,o i<{5w p3;oai!!
,i"zi4 #a,0 v3.)j3 eg.7 j}hr"u 
`o,&
-----------------------------#hi
  7 v3.)j3 eg.7 j}hr$ <cq .=`| 
seocz ~r.nj3i4 ,8--j`o ,iregn 
j5w_/.m7"ob_/eu,gn jri7j3i0'v 
$8z j},oa! ;mrj3i4 ;m"(o 
.m7"obo1 `}m ,8--j`o ,iregn 
;m"(j1 ,m sb'i_/;m"(o 
~&$c{7ji0'v $8z j},oaiu $c{7ji4

  #b,0 irl7 i5jvn,s l+7iy3 i3sc 
eg.7 `m.u"! `z`s"u $.:u1 ,m o/{5
  7 ,te} ~m;<a ,on euiz `o,&! 
,r"ub`n j1 do1+cz sb'{e: irl7 
i5jvn,s `z`s$ iycz i3sc eg.7 
`m.u"! `{ir"u ,i v,s ,te}n l+7j1
,m o/i4
  8'#eg,0 82i5jv;0 j.oe3 ,q;} 
;s'c1 ;y`u #bd e3 e}o i=,o 
.sb,xjcz i{7 .sb,x. dx.m"u 
j%ird( q.{7n do1+j3 q.{7,s~s$ 
i<giye*,s q.{7o .m7i3iycz ~&d*o 
~1,r7jr/i4 `}`oiucz i=,o.sb,x.$ 
;y`u #bj e3 e} ol7 g}o $c{7jiu"x
cm"o.ob! ,t`/jr/.oe3 .sb,x.$ 
h!"oe*,s q.{7 .m7i( lhr"! ~okz 
_s{"u d<<ajr/i4
  82$,t;0 `}`oiu$ ,t`/j3 
cm"o.ob! h=jr,s ,q;} ;s' ~),.r 
c1~mhs ,g.u"ub`n q.{7! j1 ,m 
o/s/i4
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d1 lexical
  82j5w;0 0,c
  82,te};0 ,q;} ;s'c1 ;y`u #bd 
e3e}o i=,o .sb,xjcz ~"<5n .sb,x.
dx.m"u q.{7 ,s~s$ i<giys/i`u 
je{"u eu,gn jri7jcz .q,&oi4

  #c,0 l+7j3 ;m"( ~7,oa! `z`s"u 
j5w_/eu,g_/.m7"obn irj3 ,te} 
`o,&
a#hi           ~m"x         #aic
  7 <"rv $8z `}m" ~3ws"! l+7j3 
;m"( ~7,oa8'0lexical,0! 
;rhraj<:/ie* ~("r irl7 i5jvn,scz
~3wsv l7;m7iycz cr+7o c<(icz 
l,o1! `z`s"u `o,&j1 ,m o/i4
  8'#eh,0 82i5jv;0 e&"( 
fu"uc#ain ,i"z l7jzo pca fs er;&
`%eu"! .ac*`v .oa.sb ~o`+j`on3 
em"o$ o/.oe3" ,u~o,o5"o$ ;y`z 
#a`rp1:$3 .s5.q.?{"u `r,)iy`u 
o/cz .s5e3 jriu weo$ o/icz _so 
sb`/ .m7"(oi4 ov `v3"*jr 
~rajv.s5 sb`/cz eu;s"s5 ~1`t{5n 
c,scz ,m+;{7! l"u.b`o mrjr 
i<>7j3 ~u5;t .}`o ,no1 jr7ln 
c,)i4
  82$,t;0 ,u~o,o5"o$ ;y`z j3 
i1$3 `{b.q.?{"u `r,)iy`u o/cz 
.s5e3 jriu weo$ sb'cz _so <coi4
-----------------------------#ij
  82;m"(;0 0/&>d1 lexical4
  82j5w;0 0,c4
  82,te};0 `{b.q.?{"u `r,)iycz 
_so <co"< .s5.q.?{"u `r,)iycz 
_soe{"u eu,gn jri7j3i4

-----------------------------#ia
    ;<5`u egj)

  j3.o%34 #bjai4 )s ;m"( euin1 
`r~1! mrj3 e1em7;o `m;ma ~7~sb"(
*`m4 )sl,o1`v `v3.s5 #dh" 
#cea-chd4
  j3.o%34 #bjbj4 j3`mas ;m"( 
e1em7;o `m;ma! mrj3 `o;u *`m4 
j3`! #ha" #idi-ige4
  j3.o%34 #bjba4 j3`mas ;m"( 
~n3;oef{ inohs `m;ma ~7~sb"( 
*`m4 *,nirja`+ ~alc(eg4
  0,dagan1 ,i4 & ,glickman1 ,o4 
#bjjd4 ,probabili/ic ,textual 
,5tail;t3 ,g5}ic ,appli$ ,model+
( ,language ,v>iabil;y4 ,9 
,proce$+s ( ! ,,pascal ,"w%op 
on ,le>n+ ,me?ods = ,text ,"u/&+
& ,m9+4 ,gr5oble1 ,fr.e4
  ,glickman1 ,o4 #bjjf4 ,appli$ 
,textual ,5tail;t4 ,ph4,d4 
,!sis4 ,b>,ilan ,univ}s;y4
  ,yix9 ,nie1 ,ad9a ,williams1 
,emily1 ,d9an1 ,mohit ,bansal1 
#ia        ;<5`u egj)       #aie
,jason ,we/on1 ,d|we 
,kiela"<#bjbj">1 ,adv}s>ial 
,,nli3 ,a ,new ,b5*m>k = 
,natural ,language ,"u/&+1 ,,acl
#bjbj4
  ,nie1 ;,y41 ,williams1 ,a41 
,d9an1 ;,e41 ,bansal1 ;,m41 
,we/on1 ;,j41 `& ,kiela1 ;,d4 
"<#bjbj">4 ,adv}s>ial ,,nli3 ,a 
new b5*m>k = natural language 
"u/&+4,9 ,proce$+s ( ! #ehth 
,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,associa;n = 
,computa;nal ,l+ui/ics1 pages 
#dhhe,-dija4
  ,j91 ;,d41 ,j91 ;,z41 ,zh|1 
;,,,j4 ;t41 `&,' ,szolovits1 
;,p4 "<#bjbj">4 ,is ,,b}t r1lly 
robu/8 ,a /r;g basel9e = natural
language attack on text 
classifica;n & 5tail;t4 ,9 
,proce$+s ( ! ,,aaai 3f};e on 
>tificial 9tellig;e1 #cd"<#je">1
pages #hjah-hjbe4



=gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg=
  "8`ojya"2*`m01
  `ma"ob`masp3 $7eo} )s.}~u`v.7
  `ma"ob`masp3 %jw.} ja/*`ml
  `ma"ob`masp3 oeq.m *`mp3
  `ma"ob`masp3 ~aeoz *`mp3
  `ma"ob`masp3 .}}z *`mp3

  "8lsb ;<5:.01
  ;rao5 *`mp3 `o5o1jv3
8',},q:.irja`+,0
  `=i= *`mp3 $7<"{5
8';m7c5irja`+,0
  `o5hrm8'~ml3irja`+,0
  ~a.qju8',s&irja`+,0
  ~aj*<8'`u":irja`+,0
  ,=l7j)8'`u":irja`+,0
  ,=},ma8'.m,0c"<.o,oa.}~u
  oiu`o18'`u":irja`+,0
  o.oz8'`u":irja`+,0
  .7j<*8'~ml3y`masirja`+,0
  .},!<8',},q:.irja`+,0
  .}*.m8'j=oairja`+,0
  .u`};<38'.m,0c"<.o,oa.}~u
  ;y%3.o8'qjirja`+,0
           d3`p3 .}~u       #aig
  *`m ~u.up3 `o5iuj*
8'`u":irja`+,0
  j=,{7j/8'`u":irja`+,0
  ,qg,sb8'`u":irja`+,0
  o`%eq8'`u":irja`+,0
  cu$7l38'`u":irja`+,0
  jv7i=.q8'`u":irja`+,0
  >7.q<8';m7c5irja`+,0

  3333333333333333333333333333
  ~1jr7q"1 `ma"ob`masp3.7
  ~1jr7;s"1 `ma"ob`masp3
  ,s&,o $7,s`m `{5c7jv"u #aed
  .)jv #jb-bffi-igge" .),= 
#jb-bffi-igbg
  q,vro1"1 #bjbc c* #ap1 #aio1
  ~1jr7o1"1 #bjbc c* #ap1 #aio1
  q,vr"1 ,},q0,,pod4
  3333333333333333333333333333

  99 o ;raz `ma"ob`masp3w 
+7:a~o"u ,mjr7j3 ,8#bjbb c* 
e1em7;o j5w ~g,? eo2 *`m0' lsbw 
`|`ve&! ~1$3j3 _sobcoi4
=777777777777777777777777777777=